Galaxy Evolution in Cosmological Simulations with Outflows II: Metallicities and Gas Fractions

Abstract

We use cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to investigate how inflows, star formation, and outflows govern the the gaseous and metal content of galaxies. In our simulations, galaxy metallicities are established by a balance between inflows and outflows as governed by the mass outflow rate, implying that the mass-metallicity relation reflects how the outflow rate varies with stellar mass (M*). Gas content is set by a competition between inflow into and gas consumption within the ISM, the latter being governed by the SF law, while the former is impacted by both wind recycling and preventive feedback. Stochastic variations in the inflow rate move galaxies off the equilibrium M*-Z and Z*-fgas relations in a manner correlated with star formation rate, and the scatter is set by the timescale to re-equilibrate. The evolution of both relations from z=3-0 is slow, as individual galaxies tend to evolve mostly along the relations. Gas fractions at a given M* slowly decrease with time because the cosmic inflow rate diminishes faster than the consumption rate, while metallicities slowly increase as infalling gas becomes more enriched. Observations from z~3-0 are better matched by simulations employing momentum-driven wind scalings rather than constant wind speeds, but all models predict too low gas fractions at low masses and too high metallicities at high M*. All our models reproduce observed second-parameter trends of the mass-metallicity relation with star formation rate and environment, indicating that these are a consequence of equilibrium and not feedback. Overall, the analytical framework of our equilibrium scenario broadly captures the relevant physics establishing the galaxy gas and metal content in simulations, which suggests that the cycle of baryonic inflows and outflows centrally governs the cosmic evolution of these properties in typical star-forming galaxies.

26 pages, MNRAS in press

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• LBT/ARGOS adaptive optics observations of z$\sim 2$ lensed galaxies
• Dependence of Nebular Heavy-Element Abundance on H I Content for Spiral Galaxies
• HSC-CLAUDS survey: The star formation rate functions since z ~ 2 and comparison with hydrodynamical simulations
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) XI. Scaling relations between outflows and host galaxy properties
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XIII. G800L optical spectra from the parallel fields
• Expanding on the Fundamental Metallicity Relation in Dwarf Galaxies with MUSE
• A pilot study using deep infrared imaging to constrain the star formation history of the XUV stellar populations in NGC 4625
• The correlations between galaxy properties in different environments of the cosmic web
• A stochastic model to reproduce the star-formation history of individual galaxies in hydrodynamic simulations
• Do minor interactions trigger star formation in galaxy pairs?
• Inferring redshift and galaxy properties via a multi-task neural net with probabilistic outputs: An application to simulated MOONS spectra
• Physical Origins of Outflowing Cold Clouds in Local Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies
• The evolution of baryonic mass function of galaxies to z=3
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• Gas Inflow and Outflow Histories in Disk Galaxies as Revealed from Observations of Distant Star-Forming Galaxies
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation - IX. Economics of reionizing galaxies
• Oxygen Abundance Throughout the Dwarf Starburst IC 10
• Search for extended Lyman-$\alpha$ emission around 9k quasars at z=2-3
• A Bayesian chemical evolution model of the DustPedia Galaxy M74
• Detection of Outflowing and Extraplanar Gas in Disks in an Assembling Galaxy Cluster at z=0.37
• Kinematics of MgII Absorbers from the Redshift-space Distortion Around Massive Quiescent Galaxies
• The inflow and outflow rate evolution of local Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies since z=1.3
• Is there a need for dark matter in galaxies?
• The origin of galaxy colour bimodality in the scatter of the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation
• Beyond the Halo: Redefining environment with unbound matter in N-body simulations
• The roles of environment and interactions on the evolution of red and blue galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• Non-gaussianity of optical emission lines in SDSS star-forming galaxies and its implications on galactic outflows
• The ionization structure and chemical history in isolated H II regions of dwarf galaxies with IFU I. The Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
• Signatures of AGN induced metal loss in the stellar population
• The evolution of Balmer jump selected galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey
• PHIBSS: Searching for Molecular Gas Outflows in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=$ 0.5-2.6
• Extreme Metallicity Dwarf Galaxies in IllustrisTNG
• Signatures of Galactic Expansion in Gaia DR3: Implications for the JWST Early-Galaxy Puzzle
• The extension of the Fundamental Metallicity Relation beyond the BPT star-forming sequence: evidence for both gas accretion and starvation
• The role of HI in regulating size growth of local galaxies
• Higher resolution optical spectra of $M_{\ast }<10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ galaxies reveal outflow signatures unresolved by the SDSS
• Metallicity Structure in Galactic Longitude-Velocity Diagrams of the Milky Way Disk and FIRE-2 Simulations