Regularity underlying complexity: a redshift-independent description of the continuous variation of galaxy-scale molecular gas properties in the mass-star formation rate plane

Abstract

Star-forming galaxies (SFGs) display a continuous distribution of specific star formation rates (sSFR) which can be approximated by the superposition of two log-normal distributions. The 1st of these encompasses the main sequence (MS) of SFGs, the 2nd one a rarer population of starbursts (SB). We show that the sSFR-distribution of SBs can be regarded as the result of a physical process (plausibly merging) taking the mathematical form of a log-normal boosting kernel and enhancing star formation activity. We explore the utility of splitting the star-forming population into MS and SB galaxies - an approach we term "2-Star Formation Mode" (2-SFM) framework - for understanding their molecular gas properties. Variations of star formation efficiency (SFE) and gas fractions among SFGs take a simple, redshift-independent form, once these quantities are normalized to the value of an average MS galaxy. The change in SFE for galaxies undergoing a starburst event scales supra-linearly with the SFR-increase, as expected for mergers. This implies a continuous distribution of galaxies in the Schmidt-Kennicutt plane that separates more clearly into loci for SBs and normal galaxies than observed in SFR vs. M* space. SBs with the largest deviations (>10-fold) from the MS, like many local ULIRGs, are not average SBs, but even rarer events with progenitors having larger gas fractions than typical MS galaxies. We statistically infer that the gas fractions of typical SBs decrease by a factor of 2 to 3 with respect to their direct MS progenitors, as expected to occur in short-term SFR-boosts during which internal gas reservoirs are drained more quickly than gas is accreted from the cosmic web. We predict variations of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor in the SFR-M* plane and provide evidence that the higher sSFR of distant galaxies is a direct consequence of larger gas fraction in these systems.

37 pages, 18 figures. Published in ApJ, 793, 19

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• Quasar radiation transforms the gas in a merging companion galaxy
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• A Bayesian blind survey for cold molecular gas in the Universe
• An ALMA spectroscopic survey of the Planck high-redshift object PLCK G073.4-57.5 confirms two protoclusters
• The Role of Radio Observations in Studies of Infrared-Bright Galaxies: Prospects for a next-generation Very Large Array
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• Cosmic evolution of gas content and accretion
• The cold gas and dust properties of red star-forming galaxies
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Probing star formation and ISM properties using galaxy disk inclination II: Testing typical FUV attenuation corrections out to z$\sim$0.7
• Establishing the impact of powerful AGN on their host galaxies
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• Theoretical considerations for star formation at low and high redshift
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): A Census of Star Formation and Cold Gas Properties in Massive protoclusters at 1.5<z<4
• Unveiling the evolution of the CO excitation ladder through cross-correlation of CONCERTO-like experiments and galaxy redshift surveys
• Molecular gas content of gravitational-lensed quasars at cosmic noon