Neutral carbon and highly excited CO in a massive star-forming main sequence galaxy at z=2.2

Abstract

We used the Plateau De Bure Interferometer to observe multiple CO and neutral carbon transitions in a z=2.2 main sequence disk galaxy, BX610. Our observation of CO(7-6), CO(4-3), and both far-infrared(FIR) [CI] lines complements previous observations of H$\alpha$ and low-J CO, and reveals a galaxy that is vigorously forming stars with UV fields (Log($G$ G${}_0^{-1})\lesssim 3.25);$ although less vigorously than local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies or most starbursting submillimeter galaxies in the early universe. Our observations allow new independent estimates of the cold gas mass which indicate $M_{\text{gas}}\sim 2\times 10^{11}$M${}_{\odot }$, and suggest a modestly larger ${\alpha }_{\text{CO}}$ value of $\sim$8.2. The corresponding gas depletion timescale is $\sim$1.5 Gyr. In addition to gas of modest density (Log($n$ cm${}^3)\lesssim 3$ ) heated by star formation, BX610 shows evidence for a significant second gas component responsible for the strong high-J CO emission. This second component might either be a high-density molecular gas component heated by star formation in a typical photodissociation region, or could be molecular gas excited by low-velocity C shocks. The CO(7-6)-to-FIR luminosity ratio we observe is significantly higher than typical star-forming galaxies and suggests that CO(7-6) is not a reliable star-formation tracer in this galaxy.

arXiv comment9 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Data from the spectra in Fig. 1 are available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/

References in corpus (64)

• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The physical properties of star forming galaxies in the low redshift universe
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• A computer program for fast non-LTE analysis of interstellar line spectra
• UV Star Formation Rates in the Local Universe
• The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth
• A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies
• The SINS survey: SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• The Star Formation Rate and Dense Molecular Gas in Galaxies
• High molecular gas fractions in normal massive star forming galaxies in the young Universe
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• The Star Formation Law in Atomic and Molecular Gas
• Far Infrared Spectroscopy of Normal Galaxies: Physical Conditions in the Interstellar Medium
• H-alpha Observations of a Large Sample of Galaxies at z~2: Implications for Star Formation in High Redshift Galaxies
• COLD GASS, an IRAM Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Galaxies: II. The non-universality of the Molecular Gas Depletion Timescale
• A 158 Micron [CII] Line Survey of Galaxies at z ~ 1 to 2: An Indicator of Star Formation in the Early Universe
• Regularity underlying complexity: a redshift-independent description of the continuous variation of galaxy-scale molecular gas properties in the mass-star formation rate plane
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• Forming Compact Massive Galaxies
• The metallicity dependence of the CO {\rightarrow} H_2 conversion factor in z>1 star forming galaxies
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• The Evolution of ISM Mass Probed by Dust Emission -- ALMA Observations at z = 0.3 to 2
• Constraints on the assembly and dynamics of galaxies. II. Properties of kiloparsec-scale clumps in rest-frame optical emission of z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: SINFONI adaptive optics-assisted data and kiloparsec-scale emission line properties
• The [CII] 158 um Line Deficit in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Revisited
• The CI lines as tracers of molecular gas, and their prospects at high redshifts
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Evidence for powerful AGN-driven nuclear outflows in massive star-forming galaxies
• Constraints on the Assembly and Dynamics of Galaxies: I. Detailed Rest-frame Optical Morphologies on Kiloparsec-scale of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon at High Redshift
• Evidence for CO shock excitation in NGC 6240 from Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• The Progenitors of the Compact Early-Type Galaxies at High-Redshift
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Molecular gas reservoirs in high-redshift galaxies
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon [C I] in High-redshift Main-Sequence Galaxies
• High-J CO Versus Far-Infrared Relations in Normal and Starburst Galaxies
• The dust content of high-z submillimeter galaxies revealed by Herschel
• Using [CI] to probe the Interstellar Medium in z~2.5 Sub-Millimeter Galaxies
• A Massive Galaxy in its Core Formation Phase Three Billion Years After the Big Bang
• Keck-I MOSFIRE spectroscopy of compact star-forming galaxies at z$\gtrsim$2: High velocity dispersions in progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies
• ALMA reveals starburst-like interstellar medium conditions in a compact star-forming galaxy at z ~ 2 using [CI] and CO
• Rotating starburst cores in massive galaxies at z=2.5
• Strong C+ emission in galaxies at z~1-2: Evidence for cold flow accretion powered star formation in the early Universe
• CO(1-0) line imaging of massive star-forming disc galaxies at z=1.5-2.2
• Neutral carbon and CO in 76 (U)LIRGs and starburst galaxy centers A method to determine molecular gas properties in luminous galaxies
• The Main Sequence at $z\sim 1.3$ contains a sizable fraction of galaxies with compact star formation sizes: a new population of early post-starbursts?
• Galaxy metallicities depend primarily on stellar mass and molecular gas mass
• ALMA view of a massive spheroid progenitor: a compact rotating core of molecular gas in an AGN host at z=2.226
• Spatially resolved kinematics in the central 1 kpc of a compact star-forming galaxy at z=2.3 from ALMA CO observations
• High Resolution Imaging of PHIBSS z~2 Main Sequence Galaxies in CO J=1-0
• Warm Molecular Gas in Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Measuring Star-formation Rate and Far-Infrared Color in High-redshift Galaxies Using the CO (7-6) and [NII] 205 micron Lines
• Herschel-PACS observations of [OI]63um towards submillimetre galaxies at z~1
• Ultra-bright CO and [CI] emission in a lensed z=2.04 submillimeter galaxy with extreme molecular gas properties
• An ALMA survey of CO in submillimetre galaxies: companions, triggering, and the environment in blended sources

Cited by in corpus (16)

• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO Excitation and Atomic Carbon in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=1-3$
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Demonstrating the power of WISE in the study of Galaxy Groups to $z<0.1$
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$): Detection of a dusty star-forming galaxy within the enormous Lyman $\alpha$ nebula at $z=2.3$ sheds light on its origin
• Molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94: a massive, main-sequence galaxy at $z\approx 2$
• Molecular gas budget and characterization of intermediate-mass star-forming galaxies at $z\approx 2-3$
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• Observations of [OI]63micron line emission in main-sequence galaxies at z~1.5
• CO Excitation and Line Energy Distributions in Gas-selected Galaxies
• Jansky Very Large Array detections of CO(1-0) emission in HI-absorption-selected galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon