Infrared color selection of massive galaxies at z > 3

Abstract

We introduce a new color-selection technique to identify high-redshift, massive galaxies that are systematically missed by Lyman-break selection. The new selection is based on the H_{160} and IRAC 4.5um bands, specifically H - [4.5] > 2.25 mag. These galaxies, dubbed "HIEROs", include two major populations that can be separated with an additional J - H color. The populations are massive and dusty star-forming galaxies at z > 3 (JH-blue) and extremely dusty galaxies at z < 3 (JH-red). The 350 arcmin^2 of the GOODS-N and GOODS-S fields with the deepest HST/WFC3 and IRAC data contain 285 HIEROs down to [4.5] < 24 mag. We focus here primarily on JH-blue (z > 3) HIEROs, which have a median photometric redshift z ~4.4 and stellar massM_{*}~10^{10.6} Msun, and are much fainter in the rest-frame UV than similarly massive Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs). Their star formation rates (SFRs) reaches ~240 Msun yr^{-1} leading to a specific SFR, sSFR ~4.2 Gyr^{-1}, suggesting that the sSFRs for massive galaxies continue to grow at z > 2 but at a lower growth rate than from z=0 to z=2. With a median half-light radius of 2 kpc, including ~20% as compact as quiescent galaxies at similar redshifts, JH-blue HIEROs represent perfect star-forming progenitors of the most massive (M_{*} > 10^{11.2} Msun) compact quiescent galaxies at z ~ 3 and have the right number density. HIEROs make up ~60% of all galaxies with M_{*} > 10^{10.5} Msun identified at z > 3 from their photometric redshifts. This is five times more than LBGs with nearly no overlap between the two populations. While HIEROs make up 15-25% of the total SFR density at z ~ 4-5, they completely dominate the SFR density taking place in M_{*} >10^{10.5} Msun galaxies, and are therefore crucial to understanding the very early phase of massive galaxy formation.

ApJS, in press

References in corpus (30)

• Cosmic Star Formation History
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2
• Detection of quiescent galaxies in a bicolor sequence from z=0-2
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• The stellar mass assembly of galaxies from z=0 to z=4. Analysis of a sample selected in the rest-frame near-infrared with Spitzer
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• Size evolution of the most massive galaxies at 1.7<z<3 from GOODS NICMOS survey imaging
• The Galaxy Mass Function up to z=4 in the GOODS-MUSIC sample: into the epoch of formation of massive galaxies
• A Significant Population of Very Luminous Dust-Obscured Galaxies at Redshift z ~ 2
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• The galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5<z<7.5 in the CANDELS/UDS, GOODS-South, and HUDF fields
• The Massive Hosts of Radio Galaxies Across Cosmic Time
• GOODS-HERSCHEL: star formation, dust attenuation and the FIR-radio correlation on the Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies up to z~4
• Evidence for a Population of High-Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies from Interferometric Imaging
• A Massive Molecular Gas Reservoir in the z=5.3 Submillimeter Galaxy AzTEC-3
• Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Infrared Luminous Galaxies at z~2 I: the Spectra
• Spitzer Deep and Wide Legacy Mid- and Far-Infrared Number Counts and Lower Limits of Cosmic Infrared Background
• The Argo Simulation: I. Quenching of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift as a Result of Cosmological Starvation
• The Hawk-I UDS and GOODS Survey (HUGS): Survey design and deep K-band number counts
• Exploring the z=3-4 massive galaxy population with ZFOURGE: the prevalence of dusty and quiescent galaxies
• A comparison among LBGs, DRGs and BzK galaxies: their contribution to the stellar mass density in the GOODS-MUSIC sample
• The sizes of massive quiescent and star forming galaxies at z~4 with ZFOURGE and CANDELS
• MOIRCS Deep Survey. VIII. Evolution of Star Formation Activity as a Function of Stellar Mass in Galaxies since z~3
• IRS Spectroscopy and Multi-wavelength Study of Luminous Star-forming Galaxies at z~1.9
• A Study of Massive and Evolved Galaxies at High Redshift

Cited by in corpus (65)

• A dominant population of optically invisible massive galaxies in the early Universe
• The CANDELS/SHARDS multi-wavelength catalog in GOODS-N: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts, Stellar Masses, Emission line fluxes and Star Formation Rates
• "Super-deblended" Dust Emission in Galaxies: I. The GOODS-North Catalog and the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density out to Redshift 6
• Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions from z~10 to z~6 using the Deepest Spitzer/IRAC Data: No Significant Evolution in the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Galaxies in the First Gyr of Cosmic Time
• CANDELS Multiwavelength Catalogs: Source Identification and Photometry in the CANDELS COSMOS Survey Field
• CEERS Key Paper V: A triality on the nature of HST-dark galaxies
• The COSMOS2015 galaxy stellar mass function: 13 billion years of stellar mass assembly in 10 snapshots
• Discovery of a dark, massive, ALMA-only galaxy at z~5-6 in a tiny 3-millimeter survey
• Unveiling the Nature of Infrared Bright, Optically Dark Galaxies with Early JWST Data
• Jekyll & Hyde: quiescence and extreme obscuration in a pair of massive galaxies 1.5 Gyr after the Big Bang
• Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS): I. Robust ALMA Continuum Photometry Catalogs and Stellar Mass and Star Formation Properties for ~700 Galaxies at z=0.5-6
• JWST unveils heavily obscured (active and passive) sources up to z~13
• Galaxy Build-up in the first 1.5 Gyr of Cosmic History: Insights from the Stellar Mass Function at $z\sim 4-9$ from JWST NIRCam Observations
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Source catalog, number counts, and prevailing compact sizes in 1.1 mm galaxies
• JWST reveals a population of ultra-red, flattened disk galaxies at 2<z<6 previously missed by HST
• A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (SUPER GOODS) - I. An Ultradeep SCUBA-2 Survey of the GOODS-N
• ALMA twenty-six arcmin${}^2$ survey of GOODS-S at one-millimeter (ASAGAO): Near-infrared-dark faint ALMA sources
• Chasing passive galaxies in the early Universe: a critical analysis in CANDELS GOODS-South
• A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (SUPER GOODS). III. A Large Sample of ALMA Sources in the GOODS-S
• The ALMA Redshift 4 Survey (AR4S): I. The massive end of the z=4 main sequence of galaxies
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: $HST$ and $Spitzer$ Photometry of 33 Lensed Fields Built with CHArGE
• The rest-frame optical (900nm) galaxy luminosity function at z~4-7: abundance matching points to limited evolution in the Mstar/Mhalo ratio at z>4
• Optically-faint massive Balmer Break Galaxies at z>3 in the CANDELS/GOODS fields
• AGN-Host Connection at 0.5 < z < 2.5: A rapid evolution of AGN fraction in red galaxies during the last 10 Gyr
• Massive and old quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• A new estimate of the cosmic star formation density from a radio-selected sample, and the contribution of $H$-dark galaxies at $z\ge 3$
• GOODS-ALMA: 1.1 mm galaxy survey - I. Source catalogue and optically dark galaxies
• GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star-formation in $z$ = 2-3 massive galaxies
• The emergence of passive galaxies in the early Universe
• Faint Submillimeter Galaxies identified through their optical/near-infrared colours I: spatial clustering and halo masses
• The ASTRODEEP-GS43 catalogue: new photometry and redshifts for the CANDELS GOODS-South field
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star-Forming Galaxies, as traced by $\text{Stardust}$
• The Far Infrared Emission of the First Massive Galaxies
• Unveiling the hidden universe with JWST: The contribution of dust-obscured galaxies to the stellar mass function at $z\sim 3-8$
• JWST CEERS probes the role of stellar mass and morphology in obscuring galaxies
• Blue Rest-Frame UV-Optical Colors in z~8 Galaxies from GREATS: Very Young Stellar Populations at ~650 Myr of Cosmic Time
• The Number Densities and Stellar Populations of Massive Galaxies at 3 < z < 6: A Diverse, Rapidly Forming Population in the Early Universe
• $JWST$ Insight Into a Lensed $HST$-dark Galaxy and its Quiescent Companion at $z=2.58$
• No [CII] or dust detection in two Little Red Dots at z${}_{\mathrm{spec}}$ > 7
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: On the nature of an extremely obscured serendipitous galaxy
• A census of optically dark massive galaxies in the early Universe from magnification by lensing galaxy clusters
• GOODS-ALMA: Using IRAC and VLA to probe fainter millimeter galaxies
• JWST/MIRI reveals the true number density of massive galaxies in the early Universe
• Probing the High-Redshift Universe with SPICA: Toward the Epoch of Reionization and Beyond
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Discovery of a starbursting galaxy group with a radio-luminous core at z=3.95
• Spitzer catalog of Herschel-selected ultrared dusty, star-forming galaxies
• ALMA resolves the first strongly-lensed Optical/NIR-dark galaxy
• Deep Spitzer/IRAC Data for z~10 galaxies Reveal Blue Balmer Break Colors: Young Stellar Populations at ~500 Myr of Cosmic Time
• JADES Ultra-red Flattened Objects: Morphologies and Spatial Gradients in Color and Stellar Populations
• Euclid: Identifying the reddest high-redshift galaxies in the Euclid Deep Fields with gradient-boosted trees
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a dust-obscured, metal-rich dwarf galaxy at z~5
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Unveiling the baryon evolution in the ISM of $z\sim 5$ star-forming galaxies
• The Formation and Evolution of Massive Galaxies
• Characterizing elusive, faint dusty star-forming galaxies: a lensed, optically undetected ALMA galaxy at z~3.3
• An optically-dark merging system at z~6 detected by JWST
• Strength in Numbers: Red Galaxies Bolster the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at z > 3
• Ultra High-Redshift or Closer-by, Dust-Obscured Galaxies? Deciphering the Nature of Faint, Previously Missed F200W-Dropouts in CEERS
• Unveiling the Dark Side of UV/Optical Bright Galaxies: Optically Thick Dust Absorption
• Compact dust-obscured star-formation and the origin of the galaxy bimodality
• A unique distant submillimeter galaxy with an X-ray-obscured radio-luminous active galactic nucleus
• ALMA measures molecular gas reservoirs comparable to field galaxies in a low-mass galaxy cluster at z=1.3
• 4MOST ChANGES: Catalog of high-redshift quasar candidates (4.5 < $z$ < 7) selected with SED fitting
• Spectral energy distribution similarity of the local galaxies and the 3.6um selected galaxies from the Spitzer Extended Deep Survey
• Extensive Lensing Survey of Optical and Near-Infrared Dark Objects (El Sonido): HST H-Faint Galaxies behind 101 Lensing Clusters