Keck Spectroscopy of 3<z<7 Faint Lyman Break Galaxies: The Importance of Nebular Emission in Understanding the Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass Density

Abstract

The physical properties inferred from the SEDs of z>3 galaxies have been influential in shaping our understanding of early galaxy formation and the role galaxies may play in cosmic reionization. Of particular importance is the stellar mass density at early times which represents the integral of earlier star formation. An important puzzle arising from the measurements so far reported is that the specific star formation rates (sSFR) evolve far less rapidly than expected in most theoretical models. Yet the observations underpinning these results remain very uncertain, owing in part to the possible contamination of rest-optical broadband light from strong nebular emission lines. To quantify the contribution of nebular emission to broad-band fluxes, we investigate the SEDs of 92 spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies in the redshift range 3.8<z<5.0 chosen because the H-alpha line lies within the Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 um filter. We demonstrate that the 3.6 um flux is systematically in excess of that expected from stellar continuum, which we derive by fitting the SED with population synthesis models. No such excess is seen in a control sample at 3.1<z<3.6 in which there is no nebular contamination in the IRAC filters. From the distribution of our 3.6 um flux excesses, we derive an H-alpha equivalent width (EW) distribution. The mean rest-frame H-alpha EW we infer at 3.8<z<5.0 (270 A) indicates that nebular emission contributes at least 30% of the 3.6 um flux. Via our empirically-derived EW distribution we correct the available stellar mass densities and show that the sSFR evolves more rapidly at z>4 than previously thought, supporting up to a 5x increase between z~2 and 7. Such a trend is much closer to theoretical expectations. Given our findings, we discuss the prospects for verifying quantitatively the nebular emission line strengths prior to the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope.

16 pages, 9 figures, submitted to ApJ

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• Possible identification of massive and evolved galaxies At z > 5
• Large-scale environment of z~5.7 CIV absorption systems I: projected distribution of galaxies
• Star formation and quenching among the most massive galaxies at z~1.7
• Heavy dust obscuration of z=7 galaxies in a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation
• [OIII] emission line as a tracer of star-forming galaxies at high redshifts: Comparison between H$\alpha$ and [OIII] emitters at $z$=2.23 in HiZELS
• ZFIRE: Using H$\alpha$ equivalent widths to investigate the in situ initial mass function at z~2
• Clustering with JWST: Constraining Galaxy Host Halo Masses, Satellite Quenching Efficiencies, and Merger Rates at z=4-10
• Early Results From GLASS-JWST. XVII: Building the First Galaxies -- Chapter 1. Star Formation Histories at 5<z < 7
• Statistical properties of mass, star formation, chemical content and rotational patterns in early z > 9 structures
• A census of galaxy constituents in a Coma Progenitor observed at z>3
• RELICS: Properties of z>5.5 Galaxies Inferred from Spitzer and Hubble Imaging Including A Candidate z~6.8 Strong [OIII] Emitter
• The Spitzer/IRAC Legacy over the GOODS Fields: Full-Depth 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0um Mosaics and Photometry for > 9000 Galaxies at z~3.5-10 from the GOODS Re-ionization Era wide-Area Treasury from Spitzer (GREATS)
• The ionizing photon production efficiency of bright z$\sim$2-5 galaxies
• Broad emission lines in optical spectra of hot dust-obscured galaxies can contribute significantly to JWST/NIRCam photometry
• Lyman-Break Galaxies at $z\sim 3$ in the Subaru Deep Field: Luminosity Function, Clustering and [OIII] Emission
• A Predicted New Population of UV-faint Galaxies at z>4
• The Variability of Star Formation Rate in Galaxies: II. Power Spectrum Distribution on the Main Sequence
• Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
• The impact of JWST broad-band filter choice on photometric redshift estimation
• Lyman-α Emitters in the context of hierarchical galaxy formation: predictions for VLT/MUSE surveys
• Low-mass galaxy formation and the ionizing photon budget during reionization
• Quenching in Cosmic Sheets: Tracing the Impact of Large Scale Structure Collapse on the Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
• Can the 21 cm signal probe Population III and II star formation?
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) VI: The colour evolution of galaxies $z=5-15$
• The Formation History of Subhalos and the Evolution of Satellite Galaxies
• Interactions between Ultra-High-Energy Particles and Protogalactic Environments
• The stellar mass function and star formation rate-stellar mass relation of galaxies at z ~ 4 - 7
• The rapid transition from star-formation to AGN dominated rest-frame UV light at z ~ 4
• The mass-metallicity relation as a ruler for galaxy evolution: insights from the James Webb Space Telescope
• On the mass assembly of low-mass galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations of structure formation
• Bayesian hierarchical modelling of the ${\mathrm{M}}_{\star }$-SFR relation from 1<z<6 in ASTRODEEP
• Dust attenuation of the nebular regions and optical emission lines of $z\sim 2$ star-forming galaxies
• Recovering the properties of high redshift galaxies with different JWST broad-band filters
• The nature of CR7 revealed with MUSE: a young starburst powering extended Lyman-$\alpha$ emission at z=6.6
• The dominance of quenching through cosmic times
• Constraining the Stellar Populations and Star Formation Histories of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies with SED Fits
• Early Results from GLASS-JWST XXIII: The transmission of Lyman-alpha from UV-faint z ~ 3-6 galaxies
• A Correlation Between Lyα Spectral Line Profile and Rest-Frame UV Morphology
• Probing the Physical Properties of z=4.5 Lyman Alpha Emitters with Spitzer
• Properties of LBGs with [OIII] detection at z $\sim$ 3.5: The importance of including nebular emission data in SED fitting
• Entrainment of Hot Gas into Cold Streams: The Origin of Excessive Star-formation Rates at Cosmic Noon
• The impact of black hole seeding in cosmological simulations
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Investigation of 10 Galaxies at $z\sim 4.5$ with [OII] and [CII] Line Emission $-$ ISM Properties and [OII]$-$SFR Relation
• The Flatness and Sudden Evolution of the Intergalactic Ionizing Background
• Lyman break and UV-selected galaxies at z ~ 1: II. PACS-100um/160um FIR detections
• Steadily Increasing Star Formation Rates in Galaxies Observed at 3 <~ z <~ 5 in the CANDELS/GOODS-S Field
• What Regulates Galaxy Evolution? Open Questions in Our Understanding of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Spectroscopy of CASSOWARY gravitationally-lensed galaxies in SDSS: characterisation of an extremely bright reionization-era analog at $z=1.42$
• Correlations between H$\alpha$ Equivalent Width and Galaxy Properties at $z=0.47$: Physical or Selection-driven?
• Investigating the physical properties of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization with MIRI/JWST spectroscopy
• Statistical stellar mass corrections for high-z galaxies observed with JWST broad-band filters due to template degeneracies
• CLASH: Extreme Emission Line Galaxies and Their Implication on Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
• Abundant Serendipitous Emission Line Sources with JWST/NIRSpec
• A bright lensed galaxy at $z=5.4$ with strong Ly$\alpha$ emission
• A high redshift population of galaxies at the North Ecliptic Pole: unveiling the main sequence of dusty galaxies
• The Stellar Masses of ~40,000 UV Selected Galaxies from the WiggleZ Survey at 0.3<z<1.0: Analogues of Lyman Break Galaxies?
• FirstLight IV: Diversity in sub-L${}_{\ast }$ galaxies at cosmic dawn
• The two regimes of the cosmic sSFR evolution are due to spheroids and discs
• Deciphering stellar metallicities in the early Universe: Case study of a young galaxy at z = 4.77 in the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field
• Deep Spitzer/IRAC Data for z~10 galaxies Reveal Blue Balmer Break Colors: Young Stellar Populations at ~500 Myr of Cosmic Time
• A Cosmological Solution to the Impossibly Early Galaxy Problem
• On the triggering of extreme starburst events in low-metallicity galaxies: a deep search for companions of Green Peas
• The high-redshift Universe with Spitzer
• The ALMA Frontier Fields survey V: ALMA Stacking of Lyman-Break Galaxies in Abell 2744, Abell 370, Abell S1063, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• Can Early Dark Energy be Probed by the High-Redshift Galaxy Abundance?
• A selection of Hα emitters at z = 2.1-2.5 using the Ks-band photometry of ZFOURGE
• An empirical approach to selecting the first growing black hole seeds with JWST/NIRCam
• MAGAZ3NE: Massive, Extremely Dusty Galaxies at $z\sim 2$ Lead to Photometric Overestimation of Number Densities of the Most Massive Galaxies at $3<z<4$
• The Hα Luminosity Function of Galaxies at z {\sim} 4.5
• Investigating the Lyman photon escape in local starburst galaxies with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
• A stochastic model to reproduce the star-formation history of individual galaxies in hydrodynamic simulations
• Probing the nature of Dark Matter through the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium
• Probing Reionization-Era Galaxies with JWST UV Luminosity Functions and Large-Scale Clustering
• Star Formation Rate Function at $z\sim 4.5$: An Analysis from rest UV to Optical
• Blue galaxies: modelling nebular He II emission in high redshift galaxies
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• The Shape of the Cosmic X-ray Background: Nuclear Starburst Discs and the Redshift Evolution of AGN Obscuration
• A physical model for the redshift evolution of high-z Lyman-Break Galaxies
• Effect of the environment on star formation activity and stellar mass for star-forming galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Toward a stellar population catalog in the Kilo Degree Survey: the impact of stellar recipes on stellar masses and star formation rates
• Spitzer's View of the Candidate Cluster and Protocluster Catalog (CCPC)
• The miniJPAS Survey: The radial distribution of star formation rates in faint X-ray active galactic nuclei
• Multiple emission lines of H$\alpha$ emitters at $z\sim 2.3$ from the broad and medium-band photometry in the ZFOURGE Survey
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Searching for Spectroscopic Signatures of Ongoing Quenching in SDSS Galaxies
• Lyman alpha emitting and related star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• IAUS295 -- The Intriguing Life of Massive Galaxies: Introducing the Final Discussion
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• How Black Holes Stop Their Host Galaxy from Growing Without AGN Feedback
• Euclid: Discovery of bright $z\simeq 7$ Lyman-break galaxies in UltraVISTA and Euclid COSMOS
• The BUFFALO HST Survey