The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years

Abstract

We provide a complete census of the baryons in early galaxies to investigate the phases in which gas and stars reside, their corresponding budgets, depletion times, and stellar return fraction as a function of redshift and stellar age. We use the ColdSIM hydrodynamical time-dependent non-equilibrium chemistry simulations and perform a detailed analysis of the cold, warm, hot, and stellar phases for both bound structures (galaxies/CGM) and the diffuse IGM. We investigate in depth the cold HI and H2 components, explicitly computed in our simulations, and their relations with host mass, SFR, metallicity and depletion times. We also provide observational insights and discuss the implications for stellar mass functions, PopIII star formation and changes in the IMF. We find that cosmic gas prior to reionisation is mostly cold, while at later epochs the warm phase becomes dominant due to enhanced star formation activity and increasing UV reionising radiation. Stellar return fractions at these times are ~0.15-0.20, a factor of two lower than the values usually adopted. Cold, warm, and hot gas masses as well as HI and H2 components show increasing trends with mass and SFR, while depletion times decrease down to 0.01-0.1 Gyr with a weak metallicity dependence. The resulting star formation efficiency remains at the level of a few per cent and gas-to-star fractions decline with mass, influenced by local feedback and environment. Our findings are consistent with ALMA, VLA and IRAM surveys at later epochs, including ALFALFA, xCOLDGASS, GASS, xGASS, EDGE-CALIFA, PHIBBS, and ASPECS. Gas phases are quantitatively related to the underlying stellar populations and can be used to infer unknown quantities. In the appendix we provide fit functions describing the trends of the stellar return fraction, the main sequence, phase mass relations, gas-to-star fractions and depletion times.

Meminisse iuvabit - published in A&A

References in corpus (108)

• Cosmic Star Formation History
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Simba: Cosmological Simulations with Black Hole Growth and Feedback
• The Circumgalactic Medium
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• xCOLD GASS: the complete IRAM-30m legacy survey of molecular gas for galaxy evolution studies
• COLD GASS, an IRAM legacy survey of molecular gas in massive galaxies: I. Relations between H2, HI, stellar content and structural properties
• The evolution of the galaxy UV luminosity function at redshifts z ~ 8-15 from deep JWST and ground-based near-infrared imaging
• New Determinations of the UV Luminosity Functions from z~9 to z~2 show a remarkable consistency with halo growth and a constant star formation efficiency
• Multi-Wavelength Constraints on the Cosmic Star Formation History from Spectroscopy: the Rest-Frame UV, H-alpha, and Infrared Luminosity Functions at Redshifts 1.9<z<3.4
• The Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies across cosmic times
• The Cosmic Baryon and Metal Cycles
• The CAMELS project: Cosmology and Astrophysics with MachinE Learning Simulations
• Molecular and atomic gas along and across the main sequence of star-forming galaxies
• Population III stars: hidden or disappeared ?
• Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at $z\sim 14$
• The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields
• Resolving small-scale cold circumgalactic gas in TNG50
• Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions from z~10 to z~6 using the Deepest Spitzer/IRAC Data: No Significant Evolution in the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Galaxies in the First Gyr of Cosmic Time
• Metal and molecule cooling in simulations of structure formation
• Metal and molecule cooling in simulations of structure formation
• The Evolution of the Baryons Associated with Galaxies Averaged over Cosmic Time and Space
• Simulating cosmic metal enrichment by the first galaxies
• A Multiwavelength Consensus on the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• The Impact of the First Galaxies on Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• The main sequence of star forming galaxies I. The local relation and its bending
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Molecular gas budget in the Early Universe as traced by [CII]
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Multi-band constraints on line luminosity functions and the cosmic density of molecular gas
• Formation of Massive Primordial Stars in a Reionized Gas
• When did Population III star formation end?
• Cradles of the first stars: self-shielding, halo masses, and multiplicity
• Recovery from population III supernova explosions and the onset of second generation star formation
• The abundance of $z\gtrsim 10$ galaxy candidates in the HUDF using deep JWST NIRCam medium-band imaging
• Constraining the PopIII IMF with high-z GRBs
• Physical properties and evolution of (Sub-)millimeter selected galaxies in the galaxy formation simulation Shark
• Impact of the cosmic background radiation on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars
• Knocking on giants' doors: I. The evolution of the dust-to-stellar mass ratio in distant dusty galaxies
• On the Gas Content, Star Formation Efficiency, and Environmental Quenching of Massive Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at z~2.0-2.5
• From lenticulars to blue compact dwarfs: the stellar mass fraction is regulated by disc gravitational instability
• The gas and stellar content of a metal-poor galaxy at $z=8.496$ as revealed by JWST and ALMA
• The eventful life of a luminous galaxy at z = 14: metal enrichment, feedback, and low gas fraction?
• Damping Wing-Like Features in the Stacked Ly$\alpha$ Forest: Potential Neutral Hydrogen Islands at $z<6$
• The hot circumgalactic medium in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey I. X-ray surface brightness profiles
• Damping wings in the Lyman-α forest: a model-independent measurement of the neutral fraction at 5.4<z<6.1
• The First Billion Years of a Warm Dark Matter Universe
• Mass-to-Light versus Color Relations for Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
• COALAS: I. ATCA CO(1-0) survey and luminosity function in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• A needle in a haystack? Catching Pop III stars in the Epoch of Reionization: I. Pop III star forming environments
• Physics of ULIRGs with MUSE and ALMA: PUMA IV. No tight relation between cold molecular outflow rates and AGN luminosities
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Cosmic HI Gas Mass Density in Galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• Uncertainties associated with the backward integration of dwarf satellites using simple parametric potentials
• JWST high-z galaxy constraints on warm and cold dark matter models
• Star Formation and Quenching of Central Galaxies from Stacked HI Measurements
• Photometric detection at $7.7\mu \mathrm{m}$ of a galaxy beyond redshift $14$ with JWST/MIRI
• Magnetic fields in the formation of the first stars.--II Results
• SUPER. VI. A giant molecular halo around a z~2 quasar
• The hot circumgalactic medium in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey II. Scaling relations between X-ray luminosity and galaxies' mass
• The resolved scaling relations in DustPedia: Zooming in on the local Universe
• JWST UNCOVER: The Overabundance of Ultraviolet-luminous Galaxies at $z>9$
• A self-consistent semi-analytic model for Population III star formation in minihalos
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• The cosmic web of X-ray active galactic nuclei seen through the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS)
• Atomic Gas Scaling Relations of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\approx 1$
• A NOEMA molecular line scan of the Hubble Deep Field North: Improved constraints on the CO luminosity functions and cosmic density of molecular gas
• How to Search for Islands of Neutral Hydrogen in the $z\sim 5.5$ IGM
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• Multi-phase black-hole feedback and a bright [CII] halo in a Lo-BAL quasar at $z\sim 6.6$
• Atomic and molecular gas from the epoch of reionization down to redshift 2
• The origin of the [CII]-deficit in a simulated dwarf galaxies starburst
• Introducing the AIDA-TNG project: galaxy formation in alternative dark matter models
• Damped Ly-alpha Absorbers in Star-forming Galaxies at z < 0.15 Detected with the Hubble Space Telescope and Implications for Galaxy Evolution
• Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission
• Probing Reionization and Early Cosmic Enrichment with the MgII Forest
• The large molecular gas fraction of post-starburst galaxies at z > 1
• GA-NIFS: A galaxy-wide outflow in a Compton-thick mini-BAL quasar at z = 3.5 probed in emission and absorption
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• COSMOS-Web: The emergence of the Hubble Sequence
• The Column Densities of Molecular Gas across Cosmic Time: Bridging Observations and Simulations
• Unveiling the warm molecular outflow component of type-2 quasars with SINFONI
• New constraints on the evolution of the MHI-M* scaling relation combining CHILES and MIGHTEE-HI data
• Far-Infrared and [CII] observations of a z=7 blazar
• The internal proper motion kinematics of NGC346: past formation and future evolution
• A Pristine Star-Forming Complex at z=4.19
• The impact of assembly history on the X-ray detectability of halos. From galaxy groups to galaxy clusters
• COALAS III: The ATCA CO(1-0) look at the growth and death of H$\alpha$ emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• Discovery and characterization of 25 new quasars at 4.6 < z < 6.9 from wide-field multi-band surveys
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• Observations of cold extragalactic gas clouds at $z=0.45$ towards PKS 1610-771
• On the universality of star formation efficiency in galaxies
• Radio-optical synergies at high redshift to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity
• Updated dark pixel fraction constraints on reionization's end from the Lyman-series forests of XQR-30
• Dark Matter Freeze-In and Small-Scale Observables: Novel Mass Bounds and Viable Particle Candidates
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• The life cycle of giant molecular clouds in simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The dust and cold gas content of local star forming galaxies
• The Diversity of Metal-Enrichment and Abundance Patterns at High Redshift: A Magellan Survey of Gas-rich Galaxies Traced by Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at z~5
• The [NII] 205 $\mu$m line emission from high-z SMGs and QSOs
• Exploring the interplay of dust and gas phases in DustPedia star-forming galaxies
• Mysteries of Capotauro: investigating the puzzling nature of an extreme F356W-dropout
• The Three Hundred Project: Modeling Baryon and Hot-Gas Fraction Evolution in Simulated Clusters
• A Global Census of Metals in the Universe
• The Qz5 Survey (I): How the HI Mass Density of the Universe Evolves With Cosmic Time
• Linking high-z and low-z: Are We Observing the Progenitors of the Milky Way with JWST?
• Molecular gas in cool-core brightest cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 0.4$
• High$-z$ [OI] emission lines: ColdSIM simulations and ALMA observations
• A theoretical investigation of far-infrared fine structure lines at $z>6$ and of the origin of the [OIII]88/[CII]158 enhancement
• A search for cold molecular outflows in cosmic noon galaxies
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies