The Cosmic Baryon and Metal Cycles

Abstract

Characterizing the relationship between stars, gas, and metals in galaxies is a critical component of understanding the cosmic baryon cycle. We compile contemporary censuses of the baryons in collapsed structures, their chemical make-up and dust content. We show that: The H I mass density of the Universe is well determined to redshifts z ~ 5 and shows minor evolution with time. New observations of molecular hydrogen reveal its evolution mirrors that of the global star formation rate density. The constant cosmic molecular gas depletion timescale points to a universal relationship between gas reservoirs and star formation. The metal mass density in cold gas ($T<10^4$ K) contains virtually all the metals produced by stars for z > 2.5. At lower redshifts, the contributors to the total amount of metals are more diverse; at z < 1, most of the observed metals are bound in stars. Overall there is little evidence for a "missing metals problem" in modern censuses. We characterize the dust content of neutral gas over cosmic time, finding the dust-to-gas and dust-to-metals ratios fall with decreasing metallicity. We calculate the cosmological dust mass density in the neutral gas up to z ~ 5. There is good agreement between multiple tracers of the dust content of the Universe.

arXiv comment47 pages. Authors' draft version of an invited review published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics; see https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-astro-021820-120014 for the well-edited version

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• Potential contributions of Pop III and intermediate-mass Pop II stars to cosmic chemical enrichment
• Searching for cold gas traced by MgII quasar absorbers in massive X-ray-selected galaxy clusters
• The Diversity of Metal-Enrichment and Abundance Patterns at High Redshift: A Magellan Survey of Gas-rich Galaxies Traced by Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at z~5
• ALMACAL XIII. Evolution of the CO luminosity function and the molecular gas mass density out to $z$ ~ 6
• Metal line emission around z<1 galaxies
• The miniJPAS Survey: Detection of double-core Lyα morphology of two high-redshift (z>3) QSOs
• A survey of extremely metal-poor gas at cosmic noon: evidence of elevated [O/Fe]
• Comparing the interstellar and circumgalactic origin of gas in the tails of jellyfish galaxies
• The galaxy counterpart and environment of the dusty Damped Lyman-alpha Absorber at z=2.226 towards Q1218+0832
• The Qz5 Survey (I): How the HI Mass Density of the Universe Evolves With Cosmic Time
• A Global Census of Metals in the Universe
• Discovery of faint double-peak Halpha emission in the halo of low redshift galaxies
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• IllustrisTNG + Cosmic Rays with a Simple Transport Model: From Dwarfs to L${}^{\star }$ Galaxies
• Tracing the cosmological origin of gas that fuels in situ star formation in TNG50 galaxies
• HI in and behind the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters: A Deep MeerKAT Pilot Search out to $z\sim 0.5$
• Both Stellar Mass and Gravitational Potential Shape the Gas-Phase Metallicity
• ALMACAL X: Constraints on molecular gas in the low-redshift circumgalactic medium
• An Observationally Driven Multifield Approach for Probing the Circum-Galactic Medium with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Discovery of three new near-pristine absorption clouds at $z=2.6$-4.4
• The Cosmic Evolution of CIV Absorbers at $1.4<z<4.5$: Insights from $100,000$ Systems in DESI Quasars
• MASCOT -- An ESO-ARO legacy survey of molecular gas in nearby SDSS-MaNGA galaxies: I. first data release, and global and resolved relations between H_2 and stellar content
• Soft X-ray line emission from hot gas in intervening galaxy halos and diffuse gas in the cosmic web
• PHIBSS: Searching for Molecular Gas Outflows in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=$ 0.5-2.6
• The abundance and origin of cool gas in galaxy clusters in the TNG-Cluster simulation
• Multi-cloud crushing -- the collective survival of cold clouds in galactic outflows
• First joint absorption and T${}_e$-based metallicity measured in a GRB host galaxy at $z=4.28$ using JWST/NIRSpec
• The clustering of C IV and Si IV at the end of reionisation: A perspective from the E-XQR-30 survey
• CHILES X: Molecular and atomic gas at intermediate redshift
• The multiple coherence scales of C IV at cosmic noon
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• Nuclear astrophysics
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• The Lockman-SpReSO project. Galactic flows in a sample of far-infrared galaxies
• Modelling gas around galaxy pairs and groups using the Q0107 quasar triplet
• Observed cosmic evolution of galaxy dust properties with metallicity and tensions with models
• A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography
• Clumpy Starburst in a Local Dwarf Galaxy, NGC 1522
• Recent Developments on the HI Gas of Low-Redshift Galaxies Seen by the 21cm Emission Lines
• Mapping the z>=5 SiIV Column Density Distribution onto the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function Using the Cumulative Absorption Cross Section
• Resolving circumgalactic gas flows around a z$\approx$3.6 quasar using MUSE and ALMA
• Implications of low neutron star merger rates for gamma-ray bursts, r-process production and Galactic double neutron stars
• FEASTS and MHONGOOSE: HI Column Density Distribution at $z=0$ for $N_{\mathrm{HI}}>10^{17.8}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• Licking the plate: dusty star-forming galaxies buried in the ALMA calibration data
• The contribution of stars, dust, neutral gas and supermassive black holes in galaxies to the cosmic baryon inventory
• Detecting the IGM metal enrichment with the 2-point correlation function of the flux. Application to the UVES deep spectrum
• Unveiling the evolution of the CO excitation ladder through cross-correlation of CONCERTO-like experiments and galaxy redshift surveys
• Constraining the Size of the Circumgalactic Medium Using the Transverse Autocorrelation Function of C IV Absorbers in Paired Quasar Spectra
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIV: The ALMA Large Programme Data Release
• Prospects for studying million-degree gas in the Milky Way halo using the forbidden optical [FeX] and [FeXIV] intersystem lines
• Atomic hydrogen reservoirs in quiescent galaxies at z = 0.4
• Oxyster: A Circumgalactic Low-ionization Oxygen Nebula next to a Starburst Galaxy at $z\sim 1$
• Constraining the geometry of the gas surrounding a typical galaxy at $z=3.4$ with Ly$\alpha$ polarization
• Shocks and complex chemodynamics in the metal-poor starburst galaxy CGCG 007-025 revealed through high-resolution echelle spectroscopy
• HI and H${}_2$ gas evolution over cosmic times: ColdSIM
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years