The cooler past of the intracluster medium in TNG-Cluster

Abstract

The intracluster medium (ICM) today is comprised largely of hot gas with clouds of cooler gas of unknown origin and lifespan. We analyze the evolution of cool gas (temperatures $\lesssim 10^{4.5}$ K) in the ICM of 352 galaxy clusters from the TNG-Cluster simulations, with present-day mass $\sim 10^{14.3-15.4}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. We follow the main progenitors of these clusters over the past $\sim 13$ billion years (since $z\lesssim 7$) and find that, according to TNG-Cluster, the cool ICM mass increases with redshift at fixed cluster mass, implying that this cooler past of the ICM is due to more than just halo growth. The cool cluster gas at $z\lesssim 0.5$ is mostly located in and around satellite galaxies, while at $z\gtrsim 2$ cool gas can also accrete via filaments from the intergalactic medium. Lower-mass and higher-redshift clusters are more susceptible to cooling. The cool ICM mass correlates with the number of gaseous satellites and inversely with the central supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass. The average number of gaseous satellites decreases since $z=2$, correlating with the decline in the cool ICM mass over cosmic time, suggesting a link between the two. Concurrently, kinetic SMBH feedback shifts the ICM temperature distribution, decreasing the cool ICM mass inside-out. At $z\approx 0.5$, the predicted \ion{Mg}{ii} column densities are in the ballpark of recent observations, where satellites and other halos contribute significantly to the total \ion{Mg}{ii} column density. Suggestively, a non-negligible amount of the ICM cool gas forms stars in-situ at early times, reaching $\sim 10^2{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ and an H$\alpha$ surface brightness of $\sim 10^{-17}\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\mathrm{arcse}{\mathrm{c}}^{-2}$ at $z\approx 2$, detectable with Euclid and JWST.

arXiv commentResubmitted to MNRAS after initial positive referee report. See further TNG-Cluster papers from Marine Prunier and Urmila Chadayammuri over the next days and on the TNG-Cluster website: https://www.tng-project.org/cluster/. Reuploaded after paper acceptance

References in corpus (129)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• E pur si muove: Galiliean-invariant cosmological hydrodynamical simulations on a moving mesh
• How Do Galaxies Get Their Gas?
• Cosmological SPH simulations: A hybrid multi-phase model for star formation
• The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of SDSS-III
• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• GADGET: A code for collisionless and gasdynamical cosmological simulations
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the galaxy color bimodality
• The Sixteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: A tale of two elements -- chemical evolution of magnesium and europium
• Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback
• Virial shocks in galactic haloes?
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: radio haloes and magnetic fields
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback
• A model for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation physics
• Calibrating Extinction-Free Star Formation Rate Diagnostics with 33GHz Free-Free Emission in NGC6946
• The SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Overview and Early Data
• Galaxies in a simulated $\Lambda$CDM Universe I: cold mode and hot cores
• The merger rate of galaxies in the Illustris Simulation: a comparison with observations and semi-empirical models
• A New Calculation of the Ionizing Background Spectrum and the Effects of HeII Reionization
• Dust-Corrected Star Formation Rates of Galaxies. II. Combinations of Ultraviolet and Infrared Tracers
• Lyman Alpha Imaging of a Proto-Cluster Region at <z>=3.09
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog: Sixteenth Data Release
• On the evolution of the HI column density distribution in cosmological simulations
• Supermassive black holes and their feedback effects in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• The Arepo public code release
• Moving mesh cosmology: tracing cosmological gas accretion
• Thermal Instability in Gravitationally-Stratified Plasmas: Implications for Multi-Phase Structure in Clusters and Galaxy Halos
• Thermal Instability & the Feedback Regulation of Hot Halos in Clusters, Groups, and Galaxies
• GASP I: Gas stripping phenomena in galaxies with MUSE
• Simulations of magnetic fields in isolated disk galaxies
• The Cosmic Baryon and Metal Cycles
• The rates and modes of gas accretion on to galaxies and their gaseous haloes
• The Baryonic Assembly of Dark Matter Halos
• Magnetohydrodynamics on an unstructured moving grid
• Cooling Radiation and the Lyman-alpha Luminosity of Forming Galaxies
• Ram Pressure Stripping in High-Density Environments
• The relationship between the optical Halpha filaments and the X-ray emission in the core of the Perseus cluster
• Why does the environmental influence on group and cluster galaxies extend beyond the virial radius?
• Accretion of gas onto nearby spiral galaxies
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). I. Resolving Simulated Circumgalactic Absorption at 2 < z < 2.5
• Regulation of star formation in giant galaxies by precipitation, feedback, and conduction
• Cosmological simulations of the circumgalactic medium with 1 kpc resolution: enhanced HI column densities
• The Dawes Review 9: The role of cold gas stripping on the star formation quenching of satellite galaxies
• A Global Model For Circumgalactic and Cluster-Core Precipitation
• The relationship between black hole mass and galaxy properties: Examining the black hole feedback model in IllustrisTNG
• Astrophysics with the Spatially and Spectrally Resolved Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effects: A Millimetre/Submillimetre Probe of the Warm and Hot Universe
• Cold molecular gas in the Perseus cluster core - Association with X-ray cavity, Halpha filaments and cooling flow -
• The Impact of Enhanced Halo Resolution on the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium
• The abundance, distribution, and physical nature of highly ionized oxygen OVI, OVII, and OVIII in IllustrisTNG
• Ejective and preventative: the IllustrisTNG black hole feedback and its effects on the thermodynamics of the gas within and around galaxies
• Resolving small-scale cold circumgalactic gas in TNG50
• Intracluster stars in simulations with AGN feedback
• The quenching and morphological evolution of central galaxies is facilitated by the feedback-driven expulsion of circumgalactic gas
• Quenched fractions in the IllustrisTNG simulations: the roles of AGN feedback, environment, and pre-processing
• Witnessing galaxy preprocessing in the local Universe: the case of a star-bursting group falling into Abell 1367
• The impact of feedback on cosmological gas accretion
• On the Origin of Intracluster Entropy
• Modeling AGN Feedback in Cool-Core Clusters: The Formation of Cold Clumps
• Quenched fractions in the IllustrisTNG simulations: comparison with observations and other theoretical models
• Calibration of the optical mass proxy for clusters of galaxies and an update of the WHL12 cluster catalog
• Ubiquitous cold and massive filaments in cool core clusters
• The Gaseous Extent of Galaxies and the Origin of \lya Absorption Systems. III. Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of \lya-Absorbing Galaxies at z < 1
• Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Methods for Cluster Cosmology and Application to the SDSS
• A Ten Billion Solar Mass Outflow of Molecular Gas Launched by Radio Bubbles in the Abell 1835 Brightest Cluster Galaxy
• The distribution of neutral hydrogen around high-redshift galaxies and quasars in the EAGLE simulation
• Diffuse Lyman Alpha Haloes around Lyman Alpha Emitters at z=3: Do Dark Matter Distributions Determine the Lyman Alpha Spatial Extents?
• Hydrodynamical simulations of the galaxy population: enduring successes and outstanding challenges
• Interaction of a cold cloud with a hot wind: the regimes of cloud growth and destruction and the impact of magnetic fields
• Zooming in on accretion - II. Cold Circumgalactic Gas Simulated with a super-Lagrangian Refinement Scheme
• On the Survival of Cool Clouds in the Circum-Galactic Medium
• Models of the ICM with Heating and Cooling: Explaining the Global and Structural X-ray Properties of Clusters
• Predictions for the Angular Dependence of Gas Mass Flow Rate and Metallicity in the Circumgalactic Medium
• Survival and mass growth of cold gas in a turbulent, multiphase medium
• Star-Forming Brightest Cluster Galaxies at 0.25 < z < 1.25: A Transitioning Fuel Supply
• A Substantial Mass of Cool, Metal-Enriched Gas Surrounding the Progenitors of Modern-Day Ellipticals
• Quenching of Satellite Galaxies at the Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters
• X-ray bubbles in the circumgalactic medium of TNG50 Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies: signposts of supermassive black hole activity
• Feedback reshapes the baryon distribution within haloes, in halo outskirts, and beyond: the closure radius from dwarfs to massive clusters
• The environmental dependence of gas accretion onto galaxies: quenching satellites through starvation
• The extended H-alpha emitting filaments surrounding NGC4696, the central galaxy of the Centaurus cluster
• LoTSS jellyfish galaxies: II. Ram pressure stripping in groups versus clusters
• Cold Filamentary Accretion and the Formation of Metal Poor Globular Clusters and Halo Stars
• X-ray Signatures of Black Hole Feedback: Hot Galactic Atmospheres in IllustrisTNG and X-ray Observations
• First results from SMAUG: Uncovering the Origin of the Multiphase Circumgalactic Medium with a Comparative Analysis of Idealized and Cosmological Simulations
• On the Structure of Hot Gas in Halos: Implications for the Lx-Tx Relation & Missing Baryons
• Galaxy formation with L-GALAXIES: Modelling the environmental dependency of galaxy evolution and comparing with observations
• An inventory of galaxies in cosmic filaments feeding galaxy clusters: galaxy groups, backsplash galaxies, and pristine galaxies
• The Circumgalactic Medium of Milky Way-like Galaxies in the TNG50 Simulation -- I: Halo Gas Properties and the Role of SMBH Feedback
• Forming intracluster gas in a galaxy protocluster at a redshift of 2.16
• Multiphase gas in the circumgalactic medium: relative role of $t_{\mathrm{cool}}/t_{\mathrm{ff}}$ and density fluctuations
• Dense gas formation and destruction in a simulated Perseus-like galaxy cluster with spin-driven black hole feedback
• Galaxy Clusters from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys. I. Cluster Detection
• Characterizing the abundance, properties, and kinematics of the cool circumgalactic medium of galaxies in absorption with SDSS DR16
• Galactic inflow and wind recycling rates in the EAGLE simulations
• The 700 ks Chandra Spiderweb Field I: evidence for widespread nuclear activity in the Protocluster
• The Role of Penetrating Gas Streams in Setting the Dynamical State of Galaxy Clusters
• Jellyfish galaxies with the IllustrisTNG simulations -- When, where, and for how long does ram pressure stripping of cold gas occur?
• The final SDSS-IV/SPIDERS X-ray point source spectroscopic catalogue
• The cold circumgalactic medium in emission: MgII halos in TNG50
• Predictions for anisotropic X-ray signatures in the circumgalactic medium: imprints of supermassive black hole driven outflows
• The heart of galaxy clusters: demographics and physical properties of cool-core and non-cool-core halos in the TNG-Cluster simulation
• The Circumgalactic Medium of Milky Way-like Galaxies in the TNG50 Simulation -- II: Cold, Dense Gas Clouds and High-Velocity Cloud Analogs
• X-ray-inferred kinematics of the core ICM in Perseus-like clusters: Insights from the TNG-Cluster simulation
• A Graphical Interpretation of Circumgalactic Precipitation
• The Interplay of Kinetic and Radiative Feedback in Galaxy Clusters
• Cool circumgalactic gas in galaxy clusters: connecting the DESI legacy imaging survey and SDSS DR16 MgII absorbers
• SPIDERS: overview of the X-ray galaxy cluster follow-up and the final spectroscopic data release
• The hydrodynamic stability of gaseous cosmic filaments
• GalWeight Application: A publicly-available catalog of dynamical parameters of 1,800 galaxy clusters from SDSS-DR13, ($GalWCat19$)
• The hot circumgalactic media of massive cluster satellites in the TNG-Cluster simulation: existence and detectability
• An Atlas of Gas Motions in the TNG-Cluster Simulation: from Cluster Cores to the Outskirts
• Evidence of runaway gas cooling in the absence of supermassive black hole feedback at the epoch of cluster formation
• Satellite galaxies in groups in the CIELO Project I. Gas removal from galaxies and its re-distribution in the intragroup medium
• Constraining Cosmological Parameters using the Cluster Mass-Richness Relation
• Searching for cold gas traced by MgII quasar absorbers in massive X-ray-selected galaxy clusters
• Evolution of cold streams in hot gaseous halos
• X-ray cavities in TNG-Cluster: AGN phenomena in the full cosmological context

Cited by in corpus (6)

• A large thermal energy reservoir in the nascent intracluster medium at a redshift of 4.3
• What Drives Cluster Cool-Core Transformations? A Population Level Analysis of TNG-Cluster
• Core to Cosmic Edge: SIMBA-C's New Take on Abundance Profiles in the Intragroup Medium at z = 0
• Tracing the cosmological origin of gas that fuels in situ star formation in TNG50 galaxies
• Magnetic fields in the intracluster medium with TNG-Cluster: properties, morphology, and tangential anisotropy
• The abundance and origin of cool gas in galaxy clusters in the TNG-Cluster simulation