A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography

Abstract

We report spatially resolved measurements of cool gas traced by Mg II and Fe II absorption in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of a star-forming galaxy at $z\sim 1$ (G1). The fortuitous alignment of a background gravitational arc at z$\sim$2.4 provides seven closely spaced ($\sim$6 kpc) transverse sightlines along the minor axis of G1, probing its CGM out to $\sim$50 kpc. This geometry allows us to detect a galactic-scale outflow simultaneously in down-the-barrel and transverse directions, where blue-shifted Mg II absorption is detected along both types of sightlines, revealing a large-scale, collimated wind. We measure blue-shifted line-of-sight velocities of $v_{\mathrm{los}}$ $\sim$ 62 - 239 km s${}^{-1}$ and line-of-sight velocity dispersions ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{los}}$ $\sim$ 53 - 133 km s${}^{-1}$, suggesting a structure dominated by bulk motion. De-projection of $v_{\mathrm{los}}$ along the minor axis indicates that the outflow material barely approaches the escape velocity and is likely to be gravitationally bound to G1. We constrain an outflow opening angle ${\theta }_c\sim$ 18${}^{\circ }$ - 25${}^{\circ }$, and a mass outflow rate of ${\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{out}}$ $\gtrsim$ 0.06 $M_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$, corresponding to a mass loading factor $\eta$ $\gtrsim$ 0.004, estimated within $\sim$10 - 50 kpc ($\sim$ 0.05 - 0.3 $R_{\text{vir}}$) of the galaxy centre. Our measurements, combined with previous arc tomography data along the major axis, indicate that normalizing impact parameters by galaxy B-band luminosity substantially reduces scatter in the established anti-correlation between Mg II equivalent width and impact parameter, while also diminishing possible excess of Mg II equivalent width towards the minor axis.

Accepted for publication in A&A

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