Inferring the star-formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies with BAGPIPES: Evidence for multiple quenching mechanisms

Abstract

We present Bayesian Analysis of Galaxies for Physical Inference and Parameter EStimation, or BAGPIPES, a new Python tool which can be used to rapidly generate complex model galaxy spectra and to fit these to arbitrary combinations of spectroscopic and photometric data using the MultiNest nested sampling algorithm. We extensively test our ability to recover realistic star-formation histories (SFHs) by fitting mock observations of quiescent galaxies from the MUFASA simulation. We then perform a detailed analysis of the SFHs of a sample of 9289 quiescent galaxies from UltraVISTA with stellar masses, $M_{\ast }>10^{10}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ and redshifts $0.25<z<3.75$. The majority of our sample exhibit SFHs which rise gradually then quench relatively rapidly, over $1-2$ Gyr. This behaviour is consistent with recent cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, where AGN-driven feedback in the low-accretion (jet) mode is the dominant quenching mechanism. At $z>1$ we also find a class of objects with SFHs which rise and fall very rapidly, with quenching timescales of $<1$ Gyr, consistent with quasar-mode AGN feedback. Finally, at $z<1$ we find a population with SFHs which quench more slowly than they rise, over $>3$ Gyr, which we speculate to be the result of diminishing overall cosmic gas supply. We confirm the mass-accelerated evolution (downsizing) trend, and a trend towards more rapid quenching at higher stellar masses. However, our results suggest that the latter is a natural consequence of mass-accelerated evolution, rather than a change in quenching physics with stellar mass. We find $61\pm 8$ per cent of $z>1.5$ massive quenched galaxies undergo significant further evolution by $z=0.5$. BAGPIPES is available at https://bagpipes.readthedocs.io

23 pages, 15 figures, MNRAS accepted, updated Feb 2024 to fix referencing error

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• A Little Red Dot at $\mathbf{z}=7.3$ within a Large Galaxy Overdensity
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XII: The consequences of star-dust geometry on galaxies in the EoR
• Maximising the power of deep extragalactic imaging surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope
• pop-cosmos: Scaleable inference of galaxy properties and redshifts with a data-driven population model
• Improving machine learning-derived photometric redshifts and physical property estimates using unlabelled observations
• Feedback and dynamical masses in high-$z$ galaxies: the advent of high-resolution NIRSpec spectroscopy
• The slippery slope of dust attenuation curves: Correlation of dust attenuation laws with star-to-dust compactness up to z = 4
• Explaining ultra-massive quiescent galaxies at $3<z<5$ in the context of their environments
• Introducing the Texas Euclid Survey for Lyman Alpha (TESLA) Survey: Initial Study Correlating Galaxy Properties to Lyman-Alpha Emission
• Neural Stellar Population Synthesis Emulator for the DESI PROVABGS
• PRIMER & JADES reveal an abundance of massive quiescent galaxies at 2 < z < 5
• Stellar Populations of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the HETDEX Survey I: An Analysis of LAEs in the GOODS-N Field
• Detailed Study of Stars and Gas in a z = 8.3 Massive Merger with Extreme Dust Conditions
• Systematic errors on optical-SED stellar mass estimates for galaxies across cosmic time and their impact on cosmology
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3: Blue Shear
• The differences between mass- and light-derived structural parameters over time for MaNGA Elliptical galaxies
• Detection of the 2175Å UV Bump at z>7: Evidence for Rapid Dust Evolution in a Merging Reionisation-Era Galaxy
• Behind the Spotlight: A systematic assessment of outshining using NIRCam medium-bands in the JADES Origins Field
• SHELLQs-JWST Unveils the Host Galaxies of 12 Quasars at z>6
• JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of intermediate-mass quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 3-4$
• New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
• Exploring Cosmic Dawn with PANORAMIC I: The Bright End of the UVLF at $z\sim 9-17$
• Photometric vs dynamical stellar masses and their impact on scaling relations in nearby disc galaxies
• The connection between stellar mass, age and quenching timescale in massive quiescent galaxies at $z\simeq 1$
• Lightning: An X-ray to Submillimeter Galaxy SED-Fitting Code With Physically-Motivated Stellar, Dust, and AGN Models
• Nature of the Galaxies On Top Of Quasars producing MgII absorption
• JWST spectroscopic confirmation of the Cosmic Gems arc at z=9.625 -- Insights into the small scale structure of a post-burst system
• The ionizing photon production efficiency of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 4-10$
• On the Origin of the High Star-Formation Efficiency in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• GalaPy, the highly optimised C++/Python spectral modelling tool for galaxies -- I. Library presentation and photometric fitting
• MAGAZ3NE: Massive, Extremely Dusty Galaxies at $z\sim 2$ Lead to Photometric Overestimation of Number Densities of the Most Massive Galaxies at $3<z<4$
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• Radiative and mechanical energies in galaxies I. Contributions of molecular shocks and PDRs in 3C 326 N
• Galaxy Mergers in the Epoch of Reionization II: Major Merger-Triggered Star Formation and AGN Activities at $z=$ 4.5-8.5
• Accelerated structural evolution of galaxies in a starbursting cluster at z=2.51
• The XXL survey. XLIX. Linking the members star formation histories to the cluster mass assembly in the z=1.98 galaxy cluster XLSSC 122
• Double Trouble: Two spectroscopically confirmed low-mass quiescent galaxies at z>5 in overdensities
• The extragalactic $\gamma$-ray background: imprints from the physical properties and evolution of star-forming galaxy populations
• Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS): Exploring the nature of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Hydra I cluster III. Untangling UDG 32 from the stripped filaments of NGC 3314A with multi-wavelength data
• Simulation-based inference of galaxy properties from JWST pixels
• Probing patchy reionisation with JWST: IGM opacity constraints from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest of galaxies in legacy extragalactic fields
• NOEMA reveals the true nature of luminous red JWST z>10 galaxy candidates
• Resolved galactic superwinds reconstructed around their host galaxies at z>3
• JWST + ALMA ubiquitously discover companion systems within $\lesssim 18$kpc around four $z$$\approx$3.5 luminous radio-loud AGN
• Applications of Stellar Population Synthesis in the Distant Universe
• Growing a nuclear star cluster from star formation and cluster mergers: The JWST NIRSpec view of NGC 4654
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• LOFAR properties of SILVERRUSH Ly$\alpha$ emitter candidates in the ELAIS-N1 field
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• MIGHTEE-HI: The radial acceleration relation with resolved stellar mass measurements
• JWST PRIMER: A deep JWST study of all ALMA-detected galaxies in PRIMER COSMOS -- dust-obscured star-formation history back to z $\simeq$ 7
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a dust-obscured, metal-rich dwarf galaxy at z~5
• A UNIONS view of the brightest central galaxies of candidate fossil groups
• Possible environmental quenching in an interacting little red dot pair at $z\sim 7$
• A systematic search for dormant galaxies at z~5-7 from the JWST NIRSpec archive
• SMART: spectral energy distributions Markov chain analysis with radiative transfer models
• When Spectral Modeling Meets Convolutional Networks: A Method for Discovering Reionization-era Lensed Quasars in Multi-band Imaging Data
• Inferring redshift and galaxy properties via a multi-task neural net with probabilistic outputs: An application to simulated MOONS spectra
• A grand-design spiral galaxy 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang with JWST
• Evidence for Non-smooth Quenching in Massive Galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• Age-Divided Mean Stellar Populations from Full Spectrum Fitting as the Simplified Star Formation and Chemical Evolution History of a Galaxy: Methodology and Reliability
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• MIGHTEE-HI: The direct detection of neutral hydrogen in galaxies at $z>0.25$
• The Importance of Dust Distribution in Ionizing-photon Escape: NIRCam and MIRI Imaging of a Lyman Continuum-emitting Galaxy at z ~ 3.8
• The bright long-lived Type II SN 2021irp powered by aspherical circumstellar material interaction (I): Revealing the energy source with photometry and spectroscopy
• Importance of modelling the nebular continuum in galaxy spectra
• Unveiling Multiple Physical Processes on a Cluster Galaxy at z=0.3 Using JWST
• Unveiling the Cosmic Gems Arc at $z\sim 10$ with JWST NIRCam
• A multi-band AGN-SFG classifier for extragalactic radio surveys using machine learning
• ALMA 1.1mm Observations of a Conservative Sample of High Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies in SHELA
• Measuring Dust Attenuation Curves of SINGS/KINGFISH Galaxies Using Swift/UVOT Photometry
• Exploring Gravitationally-Lensed $z\gtrsim 6$ X-ray AGN Behind the RELICS clusters
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Trends in [α/Fe] as a Function of Morphology and Environment
• Evidence for Infalling Gas in a Lyman-$\alpha$ Blob
• Baryonic Ecosystem in Galaxies (BEINGMgII) -- II. Unveiling the Nature of Galaxies Harboring Cool Gas Reservoirs
• Mysteries of Capotauro: investigating the puzzling nature of an extreme F356W-dropout
• Flashlights: Prospects for constraining the Initial Mass Function around cosmic noon with caustic-crossing events
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• Mapping dark matter in the Bullet Cluster using JWST imaging and spectroscopy
• Can Dark Stars account for the star formation efficiency excess at very high redshifts?
• The miniJPAS Survey: The radial distribution of star formation rates in faint X-ray active galactic nuclei
• Detecting episodes of star formation using Bayesian model selection
• Quenching of Galaxies at Cosmic Noon: Understanding the Effect of Environment
• Cosmic Stillness: High Quiescent Galaxy Fractions Across Upper Mass Scales in the Early Universe to z = 7 with JWST
• Uncertainty-Aware Blob Detection with an Application to Integrated-Light Stellar Population Recoveries
• Exploring the environment, magnetic fields, and feedback effects of massive high-redshift galaxies with [CII]
• Globular clusters as cosmic clocks: new cosmological hints from their integrated light
• Panchromatic SED fitting codes and modelling techniques
• Kinematic scaling relations of disc galaxies from ionised gas at $z\sim 1$ and their connection with dark matter haloes
• MAMMOTH-MOSFIRE: Environmental Effects on Galaxy Interstellar Medium at $z\sim 2$
• Applying unsupervised learning to resolve evolutionary histories and explore the galaxy-halo connection in IllustrisTNG
• GAMA 526784: the progenitor of a globular cluster-rich ultra-diffuse galaxy? I. Star clusters, stellar body and ionised gas properties
• Galaxy Manifold: Characterizing and understanding galaxies with two parameters
• Feeding the Dead: Neutral Gas Inflow in a Long-Quenched Ancient Massive Galaxy at $z\sim 2.7$ Observed with JWST/NIRSpec
• ZFIRE: The Beginning of the End for Massive Galaxies at z ~ 2 and Why Environment Matters
• The VANDELS Survey: Star formation and quenching in two over-densities at 3 < z < 4
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• Quasar radiation transforms the gas in a merging companion galaxy
• Euclid preparation. Spatially resolved stellar populations of local galaxies with Euclid: a proof of concept using synthetic images with the TNG50 simulation
• Discovery of a damped Ly$\alpha$ absorber originating in a spectacular interacting dwarf galaxy pair at $z=0.026$
• A census of quiescent galaxies across $0.5<z<8$ with JWST/MIRI: Mass-dependent number density evolution of quiescent galaxies in the early Universe
• SLICE: SPT-CL J0546-5345 -- A prominent strong-lensing cluster at $z=1.07$
• Cosmic Vine: High abundance of massive galaxies and dark matter halos in a forming cluster at z=3.44
• Relatively Fast and Reasonably Furious: Evidence for Increased Burstiness in Smaller Halos at Cosmic Dawn
• The stellar mass function of quiescent and star-forming galaxies and its dependence on morphology in COSMOS-Web
• Introducing a Real-time Interactive GUI Tool for Visualization of Galaxy Spectra
• Characterising EP241107a: Multiwavelength Observations of an Einstein Probe-detected Fast X-ray Transient
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): The sizes and merger fraction of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• Cloudy with a chance of starshine: Possible photometric signatures of nebular-dominated emission in $1.5<z<8.5$ JADES galaxies
• Clump formation in ram-pressure stripped galaxies: evidence from mass function
• Improved SED-Fitting Assumptions Result in Inside-Out Quenching at $z\sim 0.5$ and Quenching at All Radii Simultaneously at $z\sim 1$
• Extended Enriched Gas in a Multi-Galaxy Merger at Redshift 6.7
• MASCOT: Molecular gas depletion times and metallicity gradients -- evidence for feedback in quenching active galaxies
• JWSTs PEARLS: NIRCam imaging and NIRISS spectroscopy of a $z=3.6$ star-forming galaxy lensed into a near-Einstein Ring by a $z=1.258$ massive elliptical galaxy
• An optically-dark merging system at z~6 detected by JWST
• Characterising the z $\sim$ 7.66 Type-II AGN candidate SMACS S06355 using BEAGLE-AGN and JWST NIRSpec/NIRCam
• The ALMaQUEST Survey XVII: Unveiling Multiple Quenching Pathways in Green Valley Galaxies via Molecular Gas and Quenching Timescale Analyses
• Even redder than we knew: color and $A_{\mathrm{V}}$ evolution up to $z=2.5$ from JWST/NIRCam photometry
• Shocked POststarburst Galaxy Survey. IV. Outflows in Shocked Post-Starburst Galaxies Are Not Responsible For Quenching
• Strength in Numbers: Red Galaxies Bolster the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at z > 3
• Resolving the Nuclear Environments of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies within 45 pc
• The diverse quenching pathways of post-starburst galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA
• Unveiling the nature of the Einstein Probe transient EP 241021a
• Pulsar B1237+25 Aberration/Retardation Analysis from Decimeter to Decameter Wavelength: Challenge to "Radius-to-Frequency Mapping"
• From Halos to Galaxies. X: Decoding Galaxy SEDs with Physical Priors and Accurate Star Formation History Reconstruction
• Simulating continuum-based redshift measurement in the \textit{Roman's} High Latitude Spectroscopy Survey
• MIGHTEE-HI: The star-forming properties of HI selected galaxies
• Time to Sparkler. Accurate ages of lensed globular clusters at $z=1.4$ with JWST photometry
• Ultra High-Redshift or Closer-by, Dust-Obscured Galaxies? Deciphering the Nature of Faint, Previously Missed F200W-Dropouts in CEERS
• Euclid preparation. Estimating galaxy physical properties using CatBoost chained regressors with attention
• A PAH deficit in the starburst core of a distant spiral galaxy
• Galaxy-scale lens search in the PEARLS NEP TDF and CEERS JWST fields
• Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star forming galaxies at z$\sim$5.2 with the N2CLS
• Testing Photometric Techniques for Measuring the Rest-Frame UV Spectral Slope Against JWST PRISM Spectroscopy
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The star cluster systems of the Local Group dwarf galaxies IC 10 and NGC 6822
• A first look at quasar-galaxy clustering at $z\simeq 7.3$
• REBELS-IFU: Spatially Resolved Ionizing Photon Production Efficiencies of 12 Bright Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• New $H(z)$ measurement at Redshift = 0.12 with DESI Data Release 1
• Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Constraining Star Formation Histories
• Modelling the photometric and morphological evolution of disc galaxies in the cluster environment
• A Bending in the Size-mass Relation of Star-forming Galaxies across $0.5<z<6.0$ at a Critical Stellar Mass of $10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ Revealed by JWST
• ULTIMATE-deblending I. A 50-band Ultraviolet to Mid-infrared Photometric Catalog Combining Space- and Ground-based Data in the JWST/PRIMER survey
• Machine Learning vs. Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting: A Comparative Analysis of Accuracy in Stellar Mass Estimation
• The star formation timescale of elliptical galaxies -- Fitting [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity simultaneously
• Star Formation, Nebulae, and Active Galactic Nuclei in CLASH Brightest Cluster Galaxies. I. Dependence on Core Entropy of Intracluster Medium
• Predicting far-infrared maps of galaxies via machine learning techniques
• J-PAS: First Identification, Physical Properties and Ionization Efficiency of Extreme Emission Line Galaxies
• HELM's deep: Highly Extincted Low-Mass galaxies seen by JWST
• Is there a tilt in the fundamental (hyper)plane?
• The rise and fall of Little Red Dots could be driven by the environment
• Dynamical properties and star formation history of a low-mass quenched galaxy at Cosmic Noon
• MUSEQuBES: Physical conditions, origins, and multi-element abundances of the circumgalactic medium of an isolated, star-forming dwarf galaxy at z=0.57
• VENUS: Strong-lensing model of MACS J1931.8-2635 -- revealing the farthest multiply imaged supernova
• The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): An extragalactic catalog covering $\sim$ 5 virial radii around NGC 1399 with galaxy properties
• MUSE-DARK-II: 3D morpho-kinematic modelling of lensed galaxies. Tully-Fisher relation of $z\sim 1$ star-forming galaxies
• SHAPE. I. A SOM-SED hybrid approach for efficient galaxy parameter estimation leveraging JWST
• A SHARP Look at Quenching and Bulge-Disk Growth in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The LEGA-C galaxy survey: multiple quenching channels for quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• A Multiwavelength Portrait of the 3C 220.3 Lensed System
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• MIDIS: Unveiling the Star Formation History in massive galaxies at $1<z<4.5$ with spectro-photometric analysis
• The Impact of Far-Infrared/Sub-Millimeter Data on the Star Formation Rates of Massive Dusty Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The multi-component fitting to the star formation histories in the TNG simulation
• A physically-motivated template set for high-z galaxy SED fitting
• A Comparison of Star-Formation Histories Derived from UniverseMachine and LEGA-C at $0.6<z<1$
• Dust removal timescale in galaxies across cosmic time
• ALMA measures molecular gas reservoirs comparable to field galaxies in a low-mass galaxy cluster at z=1.3
• The Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program results: Type Ia Supernova brightness correlates with host galaxy dust
• Flexible Simulation Based Inference for Galaxy Photometric Fitting with Synthesizer
• Discovery of new N-emitters over a wide redshift range
• Quiescent Host Galaxies of Extended Quasars Revealed by Spectrophotometric Decomposition
• A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography
• Contrasting evolutionary pathways of fast- and slow-rotating galaxies in the green valley
• The Cosmic Rush Hour: Rapid Formation of Bright, Massive, Disky, Star-Forming Galaxies as Signatures of Early-Universe Physics
• Cosmography via stellar archaeology of low-redshift early-type galaxies from SDSS
• Resolving dust and Lyα emission in a lensed galaxy at the epoch of reionization with JWST/CANUCS
• Spatial disconnection between stellar and dust emissions: the test of the Antennae Galaxies (Arp 244)
• Synergy between Roman and PRIMA imaging capabilities for large extragalactic surveys
• Baryonic Ecosystem IN Galaxies (BEINGMgII) -- III. Cool gas reservoirs at $0.3\le z\le 1.6$ in the Dark Energy Survey
• Tidal Disruption of Super Star Clusters as the origin of Bluish Light at the inner region of the Perseus Cluster Central Galaxy
• Oxyster: A Circumgalactic Low-ionization Oxygen Nebula next to a Starburst Galaxy at $z\sim 1$
• pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
• Lensed stars in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing -- a JWST prediction for the Cosmic Horseshoe
• Redshifts of Objects near 3C 220.3
• Euclid: Discovery of bright $z\simeq 7$ Lyman-break galaxies in UltraVISTA and Euclid COSMOS
• Ram-pressure stripping caught in action in a young cluster at $z=2.51$
• (Re)solving the Complex Multiscale Morphology and V-shaped Spectral Energy Distribution of a Newly Discovered Strongly Lensed Little Red Dot in A383
• SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events
• iPTF16geu through the lens of thermonuclear explosion models
• SQuIGGLE: Studying Quenching in Intermediate-z Galaxies -- Gas, AnguLar Momentum, and Evolution
• A nuclear disc at Cosmic Noon: evidence of early bar-driven galaxy evolution
• SPAN: A cross-platform Python GUI software for optical and near-infrared spectral analysis
• UV bright red-sequence galaxies: a comparative study between UV upturn and UV weak systems
• SE3D: Building a radiative transfer emulator to fit panchromatic resolved galaxy observations with 3D models of dust and stars
• Cosmic chronometers with galaxy clusters: a new avenue for multi-probe cosmology
• Downsizing revised: Star formation timescales for elliptical galaxies with an environment-dependent IMF and number of SNIa
• Insights for Early Massive Black Hole Growth from JWST Detection of the [Ne v] λ3427 Emission Line
• Testing a New Star Formation History Model from Principal Component Analysis to Facilitate Spectral Synthesis Modeling
• Introducing the FLAMINGOS-2 Split-K Medium Band Filters: The Impact on Photometric Selection of High-z Galaxies in the FENIKS-pilot survey
• Out of oxygen: Extremely metal-poor galaxy candidates identified at $2.5<z<6.5$ with deep JADES medium-band imaging
• Extreme equivalent width-selected low-mass starbursts at $z=4-9$: insights into their role in cosmic reionization
• The gMOSS: the galaxy survey and galaxy populations of the large homogeneous field
• The Delay Time Distribution of Tidal Disruption Events
• Euclid: A blue galaxy population and a brightest cluster galaxy in the making in a $z\sim 1.74$ MaDCoWS2 galaxy cluster candidate
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• The multiwavelength structure of post-starburst galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3 with JWST PRIMER: compact morphologies and residual disturbances