paper

PRIMER & JADES reveal an abundance of massive quiescent galaxies at 2 < z < 5

arXiv:2509.06913 · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2087

Abstract

We select a mass-complete sample of 225 quiescent galaxies at with from PRIMER and JADES photometry spanning a total area of sq. arcmin. We restrict our analysis to only area with optical coverage in three ACS filters, and provide evidence that this is important for selecting the most complete and clean samples of massive quiescent galaxy candidates. We investigate the contamination in our sample via NIRSpec spectroscopic validation, X-ray imaging, and ALMA interferometry, calculating a modest total contamination fraction of per cent. The removal of data increases star-forming galaxy contamination by per cent and results in a per cent loss of candidates recovered from + data combined. We calculate massive quiescent galaxy number densities at , finding values three times larger than pre- estimates, but generally in agreement with more-recent and larger-area studies. In comparison with galaxy evolution simulations, we find that most can now reproduce the observed massive quiescent galaxy number density at , however they still increasingly fall short at , with discrepancies of up to dex. We place 14 of our massive quiescent galaxies on the BPT and WHaN diagrams using medium-resolution spectroscopic data from the EXCELS survey. We find a very high incidence of faint AGN in our sample, at a level of per cent, consistent with recent results at cosmic noon. This is interesting in the context of maintenance-mode feedback, which is invoked in many simulations to prevent quenched galaxies from re-igniting star formation. To properly characterise the evolution of early massive quiescent galaxies, greater coverage in optical filters and significantly larger spectroscopic samples will be required.

arXiv comment23 pages, 15 figures

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