REQUIEM-2D: A diversity of formation pathways in a sample of spatially-resolved massive quiescent galaxies at z~2

Abstract

REQUIEM-2D (REsolving QUIEscent Magnified galaxies with 2D grism spectroscopy) is comprised of a sample of 8 massive ($\log M_{\ast }/M_{\odot }>10.6$) strongly lensed quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 2$. REQUIEM-2D combines the natural magnification from strong gravitational lensing with the high spatial-resolution grism spectroscopy of \emph{Hubble Space Telescope} through a spectrophotometric fit to study spatially resolved stellar populations. We show that quiescent galaxies in the REQUIEM-2D survey have diverse formation histories manifesting as a gradient in stellar ages, including examples of (1) a younger central region supporting outside-in formation, (2) flat age gradients that show evidence for both spatially-uniform early formation or inside-out quenching, and (3) regions at a fixed radial distance having different ages (such asymmetries cannot be recovered when averaging stellar population measurements azimuthally). The typical dust attenuation curve for the REQUIEM-2D galaxies is constrained to be steeper than Calzetti's law in the UV and generally consistent with $A_V<1$. Combined together and accounting for the different physical radial distances and formation time-scales, we find that the REQUIEM-2D galaxies that formed earlier in the universe exhibit slow and uniform growth in their inner core, whereas the galaxies that formed later have rapid inner growth in their inner core with younger ages relative to the outskirts. These results challenge the currently accepted paradigm of how massive quiescent galaxies form, where the earliest galaxies are thought to form most rapidly. Significantly larger samples close to the epoch of formation with similar data quality and higher spectral resolution are required to validate this finding.

arXiv commentSubmitted to ApJ

References in corpus (82)

• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• Gaia Data Release 2: The astrometric solution
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment
• The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
• Introducing the Illustris Project: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time
• 3D-HST WFC3-selected Photometric Catalogs in the Five CANDELS/3D-HST Fields: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts and Stellar Masses
• The Evolution of the Stellar Mass Functions of Star-Forming and Quiescent Galaxies to z = 4 from the COSMOS/UltraVISTA Survey
• The Star-formation Mass Sequence out to z=2.5
• Constraining the Low-Mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5<z<2.5
• Inferring the star-formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies with BAGPIPES: Evidence for multiple quenching mechanisms
• The 3D-HST Survey: Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/G141 grism spectra, redshifts, and emission line measurements for $\sim 100,000$ galaxies
• The Pan-STARRS1 Database and Data Products
• A Bayesian approach to strong lensing modelling of galaxy clusters
• The KMOS^3D Survey: design, first results, and the evolution of galaxy kinematics from 0.7<z<2.7
• Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets
• Dust Attenuation Curves in the Local Universe: Demographics and New Laws for Star-forming Galaxies and High-redshift Analogs
• The Illustris Simulation: Public Data Release
• Deriving Physical Properties from Broadband Photometry with Prospector: Description of the Model and a Demonstration of its Accuracy Using 129 Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Planck 2013 results. XXIX. Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources
• The NEWFIRM Medium-band Survey: Photometric Catalogs, Redshifts and the Bimodal Color Distribution of Galaxies out to z~3
• Star formation in AEGIS field galaxies since z=1.1 . Staged galaxy formation, and a model of mass-dependent gas exhaustion
• The Dust Attenuation Law in Distant Galaxies: Evidence for Variation with Spectral Type
• Evidence for Mature Bulges and an Inside-out Quenching Phase 3 Billion Years After the Big Bang
• Evolution of Density Profiles in High-z Galaxies: Compaction and Quenching Inside-Out
• CLASH: Weak-Lensing Shear-and-Magnification Analysis of 20 Galaxy Clusters
• The Formation of Massive, Compact Galaxies at z=2 in the Illustris Simulation
• An Older, More Quiescent Universe from Panchromatic SED Fitting of the 3D-HST Survey
• Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high redshift studies
• The Dead Sequence: A Clear Bimodality in Galaxy Colors from z=0 to z=2.5
• MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of Quiescent Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5. II - Star Formation Histories and Galaxy Quenching
• Spectroscopic Identification of Massive Galaxies at z~2.3 with Strongly Suppressed Star Formation
• The Halos of Satellite Galaxies: the Companion of the Massive Elliptical Lens SL2S J08544-0121
• How Well Can We Measure the Stellar Mass of a Galaxy: The Impact of the Assumed Star Formation History Model in SED Fitting
• Fast, Slow, Early, Late: Quenching Massive Galaxies at z~0.8
• LoCuSS: First Results from Strong-lensing Analysis of 20 Massive Galaxy Clusters at z~0.2
• Quiescent Galaxies in the 3D-HST Survey: Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Large Number of Galaxies with Relatively Old Stellar Populations at z~2
• A Geometrically Supported $z\sim 10$ Candidate Multiply-Imaged by the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744
• A New Census of the 0.2< z <3.0 Universe, Part II: The Star-Forming Sequence
• Constraining The Assembly Of Normal And Compact Passively Evolving Galaxies From Redshift z=3 To The Present With CANDELS
• The Progenitors of the Compact Early-Type Galaxies at High-Redshift
• A massive, dead disk galaxy in the early Universe
• GMASS ultradeep spectroscopy of galaxies at z ~ 2. IV. The variety of dust populations
• Spatially Resolved Star Formation and Inside-out Quenching in the TNG50 Simulation and 3D-HST Observations
• P-MaNGA: Gradients in Recent Star Formation Histories as Diagnostics for Galaxy Growth and Death
• Massive quenched galaxies at z~0.7 retain large molecular gas reservoirs
• Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z=2.636: Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy and Indications of Rotation
• 3D-HST Grism Spectroscopy of a Gravitationally Lensed, Low-metallicity Starburst Galaxy at z=1.847
• Massive Dead Galaxies at z~2 with HST Grism Spectroscopy I. Star Formation Histories and Metallicity Enrichment
• Molecular Gas Contents and Scaling Relations for Massive Passive Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts from the LEGA-C Survey
• Strong Lens Models for 37 Clusters of Galaxies from the SDSS Giant Arcs Survey
• CLEAR I: Ages and Metallicities of Quiescent Galaxies at $1.0<\mathbf{z}<1.8$ Derived from Deep Hubble Space Telescope Grism Data
• KMOS-3D Reveals Low-Level Star Formation Activity in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at 0.7 < z < 2.7
• Quenching of star formation from a lack of inflowing gas to galaxies
• Resolving Quiescent Galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$: I. Search for Gravitationally Lensed Sources and Characterization of their Structure, Stellar Populations, and Line Emission
• ALMA measures rapidly depleted molecular gas reservoirs in massive quiescent galaxies at z~1.5
• CLEAR II: Evidence for Early Formation of the Most Compact Quiescent Galaxies at High Redshift
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in a Compact, Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.522
• Resolved Multi-element Stellar Chemical Abundances in the Brightest Quiescent Galaxy at z $\sim$ 2
• The Diverse Molecular Gas Content of Massive Galaxies Undergoing Quenching at z~1
• A bright, spatially extended lensed galaxy at z = 1.7 behind the cluster RCS2 032727-132623
• KMOS LENsing Survey (KLENS) : morpho-kinematic analysis of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• In and out star formation in z~1.5 quiescent galaxies from rest-frame UV spectroscopy and the far-infrared
• An exquisitely deep view of quenching galaxies through the gravitational lens: Stellar population, morphology, and ionized gas
• Recent Star-formation in a Massive Slowly-Quenched Lensed Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.88
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Constraining the Gas Fraction of a Compact Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.883
• Stellar Velocity Dispersion for a Strongly-Lensed, Intermediate-Mass Quiescent Galaxy at z=2.8
• Galaxy cluster cores as seen with VLT/MUSE: new strong-lensing analyses of RX J2129.4+0009, MS 0451.6-0305 & MACSJ2129.4-0741
• REQUIEM-2D: Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations from HST 2D Grism Spectroscopy
• Thirty-fold: Extreme gravitational lensing of a quiescent galaxy at $z=1.6$
• SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E Survey: Massive z$\sim$0.6 Post-Starburst Galaxies Exhibit Flat Age Gradients
• Metal Deficiency in Two Massive Dead Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• VLT/X-Shooter Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and HST Imaging of Gravitationally-Lensed z~2 Compact Quiescent Galaxies
• AStroLens: Automatic Strong-Lens Modeling of X-ray Selected Galaxy Clusters
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XII. Spatially Resolved Galaxy Star Formation Histories and True Evolutionary Paths at z > 1

Cited by in corpus (8)

• An Atlas of Color-selected Quiescent Galaxies at $z>3$ in Public $JWST$ Fields
• COSMOS2020: The Galaxy Stellar Mass Function: the assembly and star formation cessation of galaxies at $0.2<z\le 7.5$
• Lensed Type Ia Supernova "Encore" at z=2: The First Instance of Two Multiply-Imaged Supernovae in the Same Host Galaxy
• Ages and metallicities of quiescent galaxies: confronting broadband ($UVJ$) colours with stellar absorption lines
• Age and metal gradients in massive quiescent galaxies at $0.6\lesssim z\lesssim 1.0$: implications for quenching and assembly histories
• Tracing the evolutionary pathways of dust and cold gas in high-z quiescent galaxies with SIMBA
• Enhanced strong-lensing model of MACS~J0138.0$-$2155 based on new JWST and VLT/MUSE observations
• A big step forward with SHARP: spatially resolved stellar population properties in passive galaxies at z > 1.5