Reconstructing the Assembly of Massive Galaxies. I: The Importance of the Progenitor Effect in the Observed Properties of Quiescent Galaxies at $z\approx 2$

Abstract

We study the relationship between the morphology and star formation history (SFH) of 361 quiescent galaxies (QGs) at redshift $⟨z_{obs}⟩\approx 2$, with stellar mass $\log M_{\ast }\ge 10.3$, selected with the UVJ technique. Taking advantage of panchromatic photometry covering the rest-frame UV-to-NIR spectral range ($\approx 40$ bands), we reconstruct the non-parametric SFH of the galaxies with the fully Bayesian SED fitting code Prospector. We find that the half-light radius $R_e$, observed at $z_{obs}$, depends on the formation redshift of the galaxies, $z_{form}$, and that this relationship depends on stellar mass. At $\log M_{\ast }<11$, the relationship is consistent with $R_e\propto (1+z_{form}{)}^{-1}$, in line with the expectation that the galaxies' central density depends on the cosmic density at the time of their formation, i.e. the "progenitor effect". At $\log M_{\ast }>11$, the relationship between $R_e$ and $z_{form}$ flattens, suggesting that mergers become increasingly important for the size growth of more massive galaxies after they quenched. We also find that the relationship between $z_{form}$ and galaxy compactness similarly depends on stellar mass. While no clear trend is observed for QGs with $\log M_{\ast }>11$, lower-mass QGs that formed earlier, i.e. with larger $z_{form}$, have larger central stellar mass surface densities, both within the $R_e$ (${\Sigma }_e$) and central 1 kpc (${\Sigma }_{1kpc}$), and also larger $M_{1kpc}/M_{\ast }$, the fractional mass within the central 1 kpc. These trends between $z_{form}$ and compactness, however, essentially disappear, if the progenitor effect is removed by normalizing the stellar density with the cosmic density at $z_{form}$. Our findings highlight the importance of reconstructing the SFH of galaxies before attempting to infer their intrinsic structural evolution.

28 pages, 29 figures; published in ApJ

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