Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral-Field Spectroscopy

Abstract

Observations of galaxy isophotes, longs-slit kinematics and high-resolution photometry suggested a possible dichotomy between two distinct classes of E galaxies. But these methods are expensive for large galaxy samples. Instead, integral-field spectroscopic can efficiently recognize the shape, dynamics and stellar population of complete samples of early-type galaxies (ETGs). These studies showed that the two main classes, the fast and slow rotators, can be separated using stellar kinematics. We showed there is a dichotomy in the dynamics of the two classes. The slow rotators are weakly triaxial and dominate above $M_{\mathrm{crit}}\approx 2\times 10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$. Below $M_{\mathrm{crit}}$, the structure of fast rotators parallels that of spiral galaxies. There is a smooth sequence along which, the metals content, the enhancement in $\alpha$-elements, and the "weight" of the stellar initial mass function, all increase with the CENTRAL mass density slope, or bulge mass fraction, while the molecular gas fraction correspondingly decreases. The properties of ETGs on galaxy scaling relations, and in particular the $(M_{\ast },R_{\mathrm{e}})$ diagram, and their dependence on environment, indicate two main independent channels for galaxy evolution. Fast rotators ETGs start as star forming disks and evolve trough a channel dominated by gas accretion, bulge growth and quenching. While slow rotators assemble near the center of massive halos via intense star formation at high redshift, and remain as such for the rest of their evolution via a channel dominated by gas poor mergers. This is consistent with independent studies of the galaxies redshift evolution.

67 pages, 30 figures, LaTeX. To appear in Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ARA&A), Vol. 54 (2016)

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• K-CLASH: spatially-resolving star-forming galaxies in field and cluster environments at $z\approx 0.2$-$0.6$
• JADES: Rest-frame UV-to-NIR Size Evolution of Massive Quiescent Galaxies from Redshift z=5 to z=0.5
• Galaxy properties from J-PAS narrow-band photometry
• Isothermal Bondi accretion in two-component Jaffe galaxies with a central black hole
• Ageing and Quenching through the ageing diagram: predictions from simulations and observational constraints
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: I. Methodology, Dynamical Stellar Mass, and Fundamental Mass Plane
• Centrally Concentrated H I Distribution Enhances Star Formation in Galaxies
• Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across 0.1 < z < 0.9
• Larger ${\lambda }_R$ in the disc of isolated active spiral galaxies than in their non-active twins
• Morphology and surface photometry of a sample of isolated early-type galaxies from deep imaging
• A Radio-to-millimeter Census of Star-forming Galaxies in Protocluster 4C~23.56 at z = 2.5 : Global and local gas kinematics
• Detailed shapes of the line-of-sight velocity distributions in massive early-type galaxies from non-parametric spectral models
• PSF Deconvolution of the IFU Data and Restoration of Galaxy Stellar Kinematics
• Panchromatic Photometry of Low-redshift, Massive Galaxies Selected from SDSS Stripe 82
• Constraining the Milky Way's Ultraviolet to Infrared SED with Gaussian Process Regression
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Kinematics of stars and gas in brightest group galaxies; the role of group dynamics
• Galaxies with kinematically distinct cores in Illustris
• The Puzzling Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies in MaNGA
• Accuracy and precision of triaxial orbit models II: Viewing angles, shape and orbital structure
• Fast Rotators at Cosmic Noon: Stellar Kinematics for 15 Quiescent Galaxies from JWST-SUSPENSE
• AGEL: Is the Conflict Real? Investigating Galaxy Evolution Models using Strong Lensing at 0.3 < z < 0.9
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• TDCOSMO XIX. Measuring stellar velocity dispersion with sub-percent accuracy for cosmography
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The [$\alpha$/Fe] of Early-Type Galaxies
• MaNGA DynPop -- IV. Stacked total density profile of galaxy groups and clusters from combining dynamical models of integral-field stellar kinematics and galaxy-galaxy lensing
• Zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamical simulation of a star-forming barred, spiral galaxy at redshift z=2
• A machine learning approach to infer the accreted stellar mass fractions of central galaxies in the TNG100 simulation
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-Bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: II. The Orbital Anisotropy of Slow Rotators within the Effective Radius
• Field spheroid-dominated galaxies in a Λ-CDM Universe
• Physical Explanation for the Galaxy Distribution on the $({\lambda }_{\mathrm{R}},\epsilon )$ and $(V/\sigma ,\epsilon )$ Diagrams or for the Limit on Orbital Anisotropy
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar population correlates with stellar root-mean-square velocity $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ gradients or total-density-profile slopes at fixed effective velocity dispersion ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{e}}$
• Unravelling the Origin of the Counter-Rotating Core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE
• Galaxy mass-size segregation in the cosmic web from the CAVITY parent sample
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of diffuse stellar structures and globular clusters as probes of the mass assembly of galaxies in the Dorado group
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: When is morphology imprinted on galaxies?
• Asymmetry Revisited: The Effect of Dust Attenuation and Galaxy Inclination
• Stellar population analysis of MaNGA early-type galaxies: IMF dependence and systematic effects
• Mapping AGN winds: a connection between radio-mode AGN and the AGN feedback cycle
• Identifying supermassive black hole recoil in elliptical galaxies
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• Black hole feedback and the evolution of massive early-type galaxies
• Strong Lensing and $H_0$
• Size, shade or shape? The contribution of galaxies of different types to the star-formation history of the Universe from SDSS-IV MaNGA
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: understanding observations of large-scale outflows at low redshift with EAGLE simulations
• The Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies: Lessons from IllustrisTNG
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: embedded discs and radial trends in outer dynamical support across the Hubble sequence
• The diverse physical origins of stars in the dynamically hot bulge: CALIFA vs. IllustrisTNG
• When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66
• Velocity Dispersion ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{aper}}$ Aperture Corrections as a Function of Galaxy Properties from Integral-field Stellar Kinematics of 10,000 MaNGA Galaxies
• Radio AGN jet alignment: Radio and Optical Position Angle of Radio Galaxies
• Spotting the differences between active and non-active twin galaxies on kpc-scales. A pilot study
• Quenched, bulge-dominated, but dynamically cold galaxies in IllustrisTNG and their real-world counterparts
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Detection of Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Spin in Observations and Simulations Using Marked Correlation Functions
• Universal bimodality in kinematic morphology and the divergent pathways to galaxy quenching
• Probing modified Newtonian dynamics with hypervelocity stars
• The kinematic bimodality: Efficient feedback and cold gas deficiency in slow-rotating galaxies
• MaNGA integral-field stellar kinematics of LoTSS radio galaxies: Luminous radio galaxies tend to be slow rotators
• Lens Modeling of STRIDES Strongly Lensed Quasars using Neural Posterior Estimation
• On the application of dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms for the classification of kinematic morphologies of galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: rules of behaviour for spin-ellipticity radial tracks in galaxies
• The Physical Characteristics of Interstellar Medium in NGC 3665 with Herschel Observations
• Orbit properties of massive prolate galaxies in the Illustris simulation
• On the kinematic nature of apparent discs at high redshifts: Local counterparts are not dominated by ordered rotation but by tangentially anisotropic random motion
• Jeans modeling of axisymmetric galaxies with multiple stellar populations
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations II: Unique Stellar Kinematics in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy
• Deciphering the Origin of Ionized Gas in IC 1459 with VLT/MUSE
• A morphological segmentation approach to determining bar lengths
• The formation channels of multiphase gas in nearby early-type galaxies
• Beyond the stars: Linking H$\alpha$ sizes, kinematics, and star formation in galaxies at $z\approx 4-6$ with JWST grism surveys and $\text{geko}$
• A subarcsecond near-infrared view of massive galaxies at z > 1 with Gemini Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics
• Elliptical multipoles for gravitational lenses
• The circular velocity and halo mass functions of galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Digging deeper into NGC\,6868 I: stellar population
• Structure and Kinematics of Star-forming Elliptical Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA
• Insights into the evolution of five isolated galaxies
• TDCOSMO. XXIII. Measurement of the Hubble constant from the doubly lensed quasar HE1104-1805
• Reorientation Rates of Structural and Kinematic Axes in Simulated Massive Galaxies and the Origins of Prolate Rotation
• Measuring the mass of the supermassive black hole of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4546
• Galactic Traversability: A New Concept for Extragalactic SETI
• The Spectroscopy and H-band Imaging of Virgo cluster galaxies (SHIVir) Survey: Data Catalogue and Kinematic Profiles
• Shapes of galaxies hosting radio-loud AGNs with z \leq 1
• MaNGA DynPop. VII. A Unified Bulge-Disk-Halo Model for Explaining Diversity in Circular Velocity Curves of 6000 Spiral and Early-Type Galaxies
• Dynamics of tidal spiral arms: Machine learning-assisted identification of equations and application to the Milky Way
• The spatially-resolved effect of mergers on the stellar mass assembly of MaNGA galaxies
• NGC 5626: a massive fast rotator with a twist
• Diverse Rotation Curves of Galaxies in a Simulated Universe: the Observed Dependence on Stellar Mass and Morphology Reproduced
• Late growth of early-type galaxies in low-z massive clusters
• Virial models and Anisotropy of Velocity Dispersion in e-galaxies
• The galaxy-environment connection revealed by constrained simulations
• Macromodel-free flux-ratio prediction in quadruply imaged quasars with local constraints from lensed arcs
• Photometric and Kinematic Misalignments and Their Evolution Among Fast and Slow Rotators in the Illustris Simulation
• Dynamics of Companion Galaxies of Early-Type Galaxies
• The MOSDEF Survey: A New View of a Remarkable z=1.89 Merger
• The Virial Relation and Intrinsic Shape of Early-Type Galaxies
• Kinematical Fluctuations Vary with Galaxy Surface Mass Density
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• Capivara: A Spectral-based Segmentation Method for IFU Data Cubes
• Reconstructing the Assembly of Massive Galaxies. III: Quiescent Galaxies Loose Angular Momentum as They Evolve in a Mass-dependent Fashion
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• The MAGPI Survey: the subtle role of environment and not-so-subtle impact of generations of stars on galaxy dynamics
• Measuring the evolution of stellar bars with the host galaxy's spin
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XL. The Morphological Classification of Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• Probing the influence of the protocluster environment on galaxy morphology at z = 2.23
• Velocity dispersion functions of pressure-supported galaxies in EAGLE simulations with varying active galactic nucleus feedback
• Multi-spin stellar velocity maps of the most massive galaxies
• 3D intrinsic shapes of quiescent galaxies in observations and simulations
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age
• Analysis of spatially resolved stellar populations and emission line properties in nearby galaxies with J-PLUS data. II-Results for the M51 group and first comparison with the M101 group
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• Galactic Scaling Rules in a Modified Dynamical Model
• Toward Understanding the Evolutionary Role of Star-forming Lenticular Galaxies: New HI Detections and Comparison with Quiescent S0s and Red Spirals
• Resolved molecular gas and star-formation in massive unquenched spirals : I. UGC 8179
• Contrasting evolutionary pathways of fast- and slow-rotating galaxies in the green valley
• Distribution functions for spheroids
• Kinematical small-scale fluctuations do not affect the measurement of the dynamical mass of galaxies
• Resolved nuclear kinematics link the formation and growth of nuclear star clusters with the evolution of their early and late-type hosts
• Star-forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA: fading spirals or rejuvenated S0s?