Global Relationships Among the Physical Properties of Stellar Systems

Abstract

The kappa-space three-dimensional parameter system was originally defined for the physical properties of dynamically hot galaxies. Here we define self-consistent kappa-parameters for disk galaxies, galaxy groups and clusters, and globular clusters and project an integrated view of the major classes of self-gravitating, equilibrium stellar systems in the universe. Six different fundamental planes exist that are interrelated and interconnected - the ``cosmic metaplane.'' The kappa-3 vs. kappa-1 projection (M/L vs. Mass) views all planes edge-on, M/L increasing or constant with Mass. Within the cosmic metaplane (kappa-2 vs. kappa-1 projection), no stellar system violates the rule that kappa-1 + kappa-2 < 8, meaning the maximum volume luminosity density of stellar systems varies as a (K times M^{-4/3}; the ``zone of exclusion''). Galaxies march away from ZOE as a function of Hubble type: DHGs closest, Sm-Irr's furthest away. We test current ideas of galaxy formation via hierarchical clustering and merging and find them to be broadly consistent with the properties of the cosmic metaplane. Four key questions are raised by this study: Why do galaxy groups form a bridge between galaxy clusters and galaxies? Why do galaxies march away from the ZOE? Why are isotropic galaxies only found in a limited mass range? What causes M/L to vary so smoothly with M to produce the cosmic metaplane? This study is but the first step along a long road, limited by existing data to the B passband of major stellar systems, whose light is dominated by stars. K-band data would be high desirable, as well as data that can probe the gaseous content (cold and hot) of stellar systems, and data for other classes of stellar systems.

53 pages, LaTex (aaspp4), 2 tables, 1 in .tex mode; 1 as ADC-format data table with its own readme file; 17 figures. *.gz files of paper, figures, ASCII copies of table, available at ftp://samuri.la.asu.edu/pub/burstein/kappaspace

Cited by in corpus (168)

• Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• The SAURON project - IV. The mass-to-light ratio, the virial mass estimator and the fundamental plane of elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• On the Maximum Luminosity of Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes: Feedback From Momentum-Driven Winds
• Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies
• The Broad-band Optical Properties of Galaxies with Redshifts 0.0 < z < 0.2
• Resolved Massive Star Clusters in the Milky Way and its Satellites: Brightness Profiles and a Catalogue of Fundamental Parameters
• The Atlas3D project - XX. Mass-size and mass-sigma distributions of early-type galaxies: bulge fraction drives kinematics, mass-to-light ratio, molecular gas fraction and stellar initial mass function
• The Stellar Population Histories of Early-Type Galaxies. II. Controlling Parameters of the Stellar Populations
• Structural Properties of Pseudo-Bulges, Classical Bulges and Elliptical Galaxies: an SDSS Perspective
• Dynamical family properties and dark halo scaling relations of giant elliptical galaxies
• Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral-Field Spectroscopy
• The Observed properties of Dark Matter on small spatial scales
• The DEEP Groth Strip Survey II. Hubble Space Telescope Structural Parameters of Galaxies in the Groth Strip
• The dependence on environment of the color-magnitude relation of galaxies
• Early-type galaxies in the SDSS. III. The Fundamental Plane
• A class of compact dwarf galaxies from disruptive processes in galaxy clusters
• Early-type galaxies in the SDSS. I. The sample
• POX 52: A Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy With An Intermediate-Mass Black Hole
• Masses of star clusters in the nuclei of bulge-less spiral galaxies
• A HST Census of Nuclear Star Clusters in Late-Type Spiral Galaxies: II. Cluster Sizes and Structural Parameter Correlations
• Mapping the substructure in the Galactic halo with the next generation of astrometric satellites
• A 20 Thousand Solar Mass Black Hole in the Stellar Cluster G1
• Internal Dynamics, Structure and Formation of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies: II. Rotating Versus Non-Rotating Dwarfs
• Broad-Band Imaging of a Large Sample of Irregular Galaxies
• The Stellar Initial Mass Function of Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies: Evidence for IMF Variations with Galactic Environment
• The Spitzer/IRAC view of black hole - bulge scaling relations
• The AIMSS Project I: Bridging the Star Cluster - Galaxy Divide
• Testing the Hypothesis of Modified Dynamics with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence
• Internal Dynamics, Structure and Formation of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies: I. A Keck/HST Study of Six Virgo Cluster Dwarfs
• The life cycle of star cluster in a tidal field
• Photo-Chemical Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies I. The high-redshift formation scenario
• An Explanation for the Observed Weak Size Evolution of Disk Galaxies
• Black Holes in Pseudobulges and Spheroidals: A Change in the Black Hole-Bulge Scaling Relations at Low Mass
• Families of dynamically hot stellar systems over ten orders of magnitude in mass
• Ongoing Assembly of Massive Galaxies by Major Merging in Large Groups and Clusters from the SDSS
• From star clusters to dwarf galaxies: The properties of dynamically hot stellar systems
• E/S0 Galaxies on the Blue Color-Stellar Mass Sequence at z=0: Fading Mergers or Future Spirals?
• The dynamical mass of the young cluster W3 in NGC 7252: Heavy-Weight globular cluster or ultra compact dwarf galaxy ?
• Internal Properties of Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster
• Binding Energy and the Fundamental Plane of Globular Clusters
• The Magnitude-Size Relation of Galaxies out to z ~ 1
• The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters III.: M/L_V Ratios in the z=0.33 Cluster CL1358+62
• The black hole mass distribution in early-type galaxies: cusps in HST photometry interpreted through adiabatic black hole growth
• The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. III. The Three-Component Structure of Nearby Elliptical Galaxies
• Limits on Collisional Dark Matter from Elliptical Galaxies in Clusters
• Uniting Old Stellar Systems: From Globular Clusters to Giant Ellipticals
• The Tully-Fisher relation at intermediate redshift
• The Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS): II. The Central Dwarf Galaxy Population
• Structural parameters for globular clusters in M31 and generalizations for the fundamental plane
• Formation and evolution of dwarf elliptical galaxies I. Structural and kinematical properties
• The Fundamental Manifold of Spheroids
• The Fundamental Plane of Ellipticals: I. The Dark Matter Connection
• Observing the Formation of the Hubble Sequence in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
• Dynamical Mass Estimates for Two Luminous Star Clusters in Galactic Merger Remnants
• The 6dF Galaxy Survey: The Near-Infrared Fundamental Plane of Early-Type Galaxies
• Understanding the Structural Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• Evolution of globular cluster systems in elliptical galaxies. II. Power-law initial mass function
• Systematic Uncertainties in Stellar Mass Estimation for Distinct Galaxy Populations
• The Host Galaxy and Central Engine of the Dwarf AGN POX 52
• Evolution of globular cluster systems in elliptical galaxies. I. Log-normal initial mass function
• The evolution of the Tully-Fisher relation of spiral galaxies
• Luminosity Dependence in the Fundamental Plane Projections of Elliptical Galaxies
• Abundance gradient slopes versus mass in spheroids: predictions by monolithic models
• Structural Properties of Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies in the Fornax and Virgo Clusters
• The importance of dry and wet merging on the formation and evolution of elliptical galaxies
• The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relationship for S${}^4$G Galaxies and the "Condensed" Baryon Fraction of Galaxies
• A Survey of Merger Remnants II: The Emerging Kinematic and Photometric Correlations
• A Population of Massive Globular Clusters in NGC 5128
• Simulations of the formation and evolution of isolated dwarf galaxies
• Brightest cluster galaxies in cosmological simulations: achievements and limitations of AGN feedback models
• The evolution of galaxies from primeval irregulars to present-day ellipticals
• The chemical evolution of galaxies within the IGIMF theory: the [alpha/Fe] ratios and downsizing
• Stellar Populations of Bulges in 14 Cluster Disc Galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. X. Properties of Ultra-Compact Dwarfs in the M87, M49 and M60 Regions
• From Galaxy Clusters to Ultra-Faint Dwarf Spheroidals: A Fundamental Curve Connecting Dispersion-supported Galaxies to Their Dark Matter Halos
• Observational Signatures of the First Luminous Objects
• Toward Equations of Galactic Structure
• Globular Cluster and Galaxy Formation: M31, the Milky Way and Implications for Globular Cluster Systems of Spiral Galaxies
• Radio observations of NGC 2808 and other globular clusters: constraints on intermediate mass black holes
• Natures of a clump-origin bulge: a pseudobulge-like but old metal-rich bulge
• Connecting Transitions in Galaxy Properties to Refueling
• Structural parameters for globular clusters in NGC 5128. III. ACS surface-brightness profiles and model fits
• Shallowed cusp slope of dark matter in disc galaxy formation through clump clusters
• The Transition between Star Clusters and Dwarf Galaxies -- On the existence of a mass-radius relation for star clusters of masses >10^7 Mo: are these objects formed in mergers of stellar systems?
• Objective Classification of Galaxy Spectra using the Information Bottleneck Method
• The LCO/Palomar 10,000 km/sec Cluster Survey. I. Properties of the Tully-Fisher Relation
• The MOND Fundamental Plane
• Effects of the dissolution of low-concentration globular clusters on the evolution of globular cluster systems
• Structural properties of discs and bulges of early-type galaxies
• A tight angular-momentum plane for disc galaxies
• Line strengths of early-type galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XXIV. The Red Sequence to $\sim$10${}^6$ L${}_{\odot }$ and Comparisons with Galaxy Formation Models
• Dust and the Infrared Kinematic Properties of Early-Type Galaxies
• Simulations of the formation and evolution of isolated dwarf galaxies - II. Angular momentum as a second parameter
• Cluster and field elliptical galaxies at z~1.3. The marginal role of the environment and the relevance of the galaxy central regions
• Evolution of the Stellar Mass Tully-Fisher Relation in Disk Galaxy Merger Simulations
• Dozens of compact and high velocity-dispersion early-type galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The DEEP Groth Strip Galaxy Redshift Survey. VIII. The Evolution of Luminous Field Bulges at Redshift z ~ 1
• Black hole masses and the Fundamental Plane of BL Lac objects
• The New Numerical Galaxy Catalog (${\nu }^2$GC): An Updated Semi-analytic Model of Galaxy and AGN with Large Cosmological N-body Simulation
• Near-infrared observations of galaxies in Pisces-Perseus. V. On the origin of bulges
• The scaling relations of galaxy clusters and their dark matter halos
• Energy, entropy and mass scaling relations for elliptical galaxies. Towards a physical understanding of their photometric properties
• Finding universal relations in subhalo properties with artificial intelligence
• The Spectroscopy and H-band Imaging of Virgo cluster galaxies (SHIVir) Survey: Scaling Relations and the Stellar-to-Total Mass Relation
• Supermassive black holes, star formation and downsizing of elliptical galaxies
• Toward Understanding the origin of the Fundamental Plane for Early-Type Galaxies
• Formation and Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies. III Star formation history as a function of mass and over-density
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• Structural Evidence for Environment-Driven Transformation of the Blue Galaxies in Local Abell Clusters - A85, A496, and A754
• Mass-to-light ratios from the fundamental plane of spiral galaxy disks
• MaNGA DynPop -- III. Stellar dynamics versus stellar population relations in 6000 early-type and spiral galaxies: Fundamental Plane, mass-to-light ratios, total density slopes, and dark matter fractions
• Dwarf Galaxies in the Coma Cluster: II. Spectroscopic and Photometric Fundamental Planes
• Star formation history in early-type galaxies. I. The line absorption indices diagnostics
• The effects of the IMF on the chemical evolution of elliptical galaxies
• Stellar mass-loss, rotation and the chemical enrichment of early type galaxies
• Star Clusters, Galaxies, and the Fundamental Manifold
• The Disks of Galaxies with Seyfert and Starburst Nuclei: II. Near-Infrared Structural Properties
• Minor Mergers are not enough: The importance of Major Mergers during Brightest Cluster Galaxy assembly
• The degeneracy between star-formation parameters in dwarf galaxy simulations and the Mstar-Mhalo relation
• Giant disk galaxies : Where environment trumps mass in galaxy evolution
• MaNGA galaxy properties -- I. An extensive optical, mid-infrared photometric, and environmental catalogue
• The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z=5, compared with the present epoch
• The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
• Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction Within 5 Effective Radii
• Addressing Cosmological Tensions by Non-Local Gravity
• The Central Mass and Phase-Space Densities of Dark Matter Halos: Cosmological Implications
• The Munich Near-Infrared Cluster Survey -- IV. Biases in the Completeness of Near-Infrared Imaging Data
• On the Fundamental Plane of the Galactic Globular Cluster System
• On the Formation of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and Globular Clusters
• The Fundamental Straight Line of Galactic Globular Clusters
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• Merging of Low-Mass Systems and the Origin of the Fundamental Plane
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• Disk galaxy scaling relations at intermediate redshifts - I. The Tully-Fisher and velocity-size relations
• Dissipationless Collapse of Spherical Protogalaxies and the Fundamental Plane
• Cosmological interpretation of the color-magnitude diagrams of galaxy clusters
• The parallelism between galaxy clusters and early-type galaxies: III. The Mass-Radius Relationship
• A photometric analysis of Abell 1689: two-dimensional multi-structure decomposition, morphological classification, and the Fundamental Plane
• Molecular gas and nuclear activity in early-type galaxies: any link with radio-loudness?
• The Role of a Hot Gas Environment on the Evolution of Galaxies
• The Two-Component Virial Theorem and the Physical Properties of Stellar Systems
• Testing Distance Estimators with the Fundamental Manifold
• Possible effects of Hybrid Gravity on stellar kinematics in elliptical galaxies
• Velocity distribution of elliptical galaxies in the framework of Non-local Gravity model
• Comparing Lensing and Stellar Orbital Models of a Nearby Massive Strong-Lens Galaxy
• On Mechanics and Thermodynamics of a stellar galaxy in a two-component virial system and the Fundamental Plane
• 1.65 micron (H-band) surface photometry of galaxies. VIII: the near-IR k-space at z=0
• The Structure of Galaxies: III. Two Structural Families of Ellipticals
• Galaxy Formation by Galactic Magnetic Fields
• Two Channels of Metal-Rich Compact Stellar System Formation: Starbursts under High Ram Pressure versus Tidal Stripping
• Angular momentum transfer and the size - mass relation in early - type galaxies
• A Galaxy X-ray Fundamental Plane?
• Fundamental plane: dark matter and dissipation contributions
• A new framework for understanding the evolution of early-type galaxies
• Influence of Cooled Interstellar Gas on the Fundamental Plane for Elliptical Galaxies
• On the tilt of Fundamental Plane by Clausius' virial maximum theory
• Examining early-type galaxy scaling relations using simple dynamical models
• The environmental dependence of the stellar mass fundamental plane of early-type galaxies
• The star formation timescale of elliptical galaxies -- Fitting [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity simultaneously
• Multi-layered characterization of hot stellar systems with confidence
• Recovering the fundamental plane of galaxies by $f(R)$ gravity
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The two-component virial theorem and the acceleration-discrepancy relation
• Dark-Matter Distribution inferred from High-accuracy Rotation Curves
• Fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies in $f(R)$ gravity: the role of luminosity
• The role of dark matter in the galaxy mass-size relationship