The SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS Survey (SLUGGS): Sample definition, methods, and initial results

Abstract

We introduce and provide the scientific motivation for a wide-field photometric and spectroscopic chemodynamical survey of nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs) and their globular cluster (GC) systems. The SLUGGS (SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS) survey is being carried out primarily with Subaru/Suprime-Cam and Keck/DEIMOS. The former provides deep gri imaging over a 900 arcmin^2 field-of-view to characterize GC and host galaxy colors and spatial distributions, and to identify spectroscopic targets. The NIR CaII triplet provides GC line-of-sight velocities and metallicities out to typically ~8 R_e, and to ~15 R_e in some cases. New techniques to extract integrated stellar kinematics and metallicities to large radii (~2-3 R_e) are used in concert with GC data to create two-dimensional velocity and metallicity maps for comparison with simulations of galaxy formation. The advantages of SLUGGS compared with other, complementary, 2D-chemodynamical surveys are its superior velocity resolution, radial extent, and multiple halo tracers. We describe the sample of 25 nearby ETGs, the selection criteria for galaxies and GCs, the observing strategies, the data reduction techniques, and modeling methods. The survey observations are nearly complete and more than 30 papers have so far been published using SLUGGS data. Here we summarize some initial results, including signatures of two-phase galaxy assembly, evidence for GC metallicity bimodality, and a novel framework for the formation of extended star clusters and ultracompact dwarfs. An integrated overview of current chemodynamical constraints on GC systems points to separate, in-situ formation modes at high redshifts for metal-poor and metal-rich GCs.

arXiv commentApJ, in press (minor changes), 27 pages, 19 figures, see high-resolution version at http://sages.ucolick.org/publications.html and survey website at http://sluggs.ucolick.org

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• The SLUGGS Survey: revisiting the correlation between X-ray luminosity and total mass of massive early-type galaxies
• How elevated is the dynamical-to-stellar mass ratio of the ultra-compact dwarf S999?
• The complex star cluster system of NGC 1316 (Fornax A)
• The SLUGGS survey: Exploring the globular cluster systems of the Leo II group and their global relationships
• The WAGGS project - II. The reliability of the calcium triplet as a metallicity indicator in integrated stellar light
• The SLUGGS Survey: Multi-population dynamical modelling of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1407 from stars and globular clusters
• NGC 3628-UCD1: A possible $\omega$ Cen Analog Embedded in a Stellar Stream
• Hiding in plain sight: record-breaking compact stellar systems in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The SLUGGS Survey: The Assembly Histories of Individual Early-type Galaxies
• Total mass density slopes of early-type galaxies using Jeans dynamical modelling at redshifts $0.29<z<0.55$
• The SLUGGS survey: combining stars, globular clusters and planetary nebulae to understand the assembly history of early-type galaxies from their large radii kinematics
• The mass discrepancy acceleration relation in early-type galaxies: extended mass profiles and the phantom menace to MOND
• A SLUGGS and Gemini/GMOS combined study of the elliptical galaxy M60: wide-field photometry and kinematics of the globular cluster system
• Globular cluster systems as tracers of the evolutionary history in NGC 3258 and NGC 3268
• Morphological evolution and galactic sizes in the L-Galaxies SA model
• What Are Those Tiny Things? A First Study of Compact Star Clusters in the SMACS0723 Field with JWST
• The MASSIVE Survey XIV -- Stellar Velocity Profiles and Kinematic Misalignments from 200 pc to 20 kpc in Massive Early-type Galaxies
• Spatial field reconstruction with INLA: Application to IFU galaxy data
• A VST and VISTA study of globular clusters in NGC253
• The Next Generation Virgo cluster Survey (NGVS). XXVI. The issues of photometric age and metallicity estimates for globular clusters
• The MASSIVE Survey XIII -- Spatially Resolved Stellar Kinematics in the Central 1 kpc of 20 Massive Elliptical Galaxies with the GMOS-North Integral-Field Spectrograph
• The SLUGGS Survey: The Inner Dark Matter Density Slope of the Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1407
• Dark matter and no dark matter: On the halo mass of NGC 1052
• Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction Within 5 Effective Radii
• A search for ionised gas outflows in an Halpha imaging atlas of nearby LINERs
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of M87's globular clusters: Kinematics extending to ~ 400 kpc
• The SLUGGS Survey: Trails of SLUGGS galaxies in a modified spin-ellipticity diagram
• Optical-NIR analysis of globular clusters in the IKN dwarf spheroidal: a complex star formation history
• The Fornax3D project: The assembly history of massive early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster from deep imaging and integral field spectroscopy
• The assembly history of the nearest S0 galaxy NGC 3115 from its kinematics out to six half-light radii
• Footprints in the sand: What can globular clusters tell us about NGC 4753 past?
• Mapping the Kinematically Decoupled Core in NGC 1407 with MUSE
• Recovering the origins of the lenticular galaxy NGC 3115 using multi-band imaging
• A Stacked Search for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 337 Extragalactic Star Clusters
• Rubin Observatory LSST Stars Milky Way and Local Volume Star Clusters Roadmap
• Globular Cluster Populations: First Results from S${}^4$G Early-Type Galaxies
• The MAGPI Survey: Impact of environment on the total internal mass distribution of galaxies in the last 5 Gyr
• VEGAS-SSS. A VST survey of elliptical galaxies in the southern hemisphere: analysis of small stellar systems. Testing the methodology on the globular cluster system in NGC3115
• Spatially-resolved stellar populations and kinematics with KCWI: probing the assembly history of the massive early-type galaxy NGC 1407
• Classifying the formation processes of S0 galaxies using Convolutional Neural Networks
• Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) Spectra of Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Halo of M87
• AGEL: Is the Conflict Real? Investigating Galaxy Evolution Models using Strong Lensing at 0.3 < z < 0.9
• The SLUGGS survey: chromo-dynamical modelling of the lenticular galaxy NGC 1023
• VIMOS mosaic integral-field spectroscopy of the bulge and disk of the early-type galaxy NGC 4697
• Chromodynamical Analysis of Lenticular Galaxies using Globular Clusters and Planetary Nebulae
• The SLUGGS Survey: Globular cluster kinematics in a "double sigma" galaxy - NGC 4473
• A Trail of the Invisible: Blue Globular Clusters Trace the Radial Density Distribution of the Dark Matter -- Case Study of NGC 4278
• MaNGA DynPop -- IV. Stacked total density profile of galaxy groups and clusters from combining dynamical models of integral-field stellar kinematics and galaxy-galaxy lensing
• Galaxy archaeology for wet mergers: Globular cluster age distributions in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies
• Detection of the Stellar Intracluster Medium in Perseus (Abell 426)
• Galaxy shapes in Magneticum. I. Connecting stellar and dark matter shapes to dynamical and morphological galaxy properties and the large-scale structure
• The globular cluster system of the nearest Seyfert II galaxy Circinus
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: embedded discs and radial trends in outer dynamical support across the Hubble sequence
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• Globular Cluster Populations: Results Including S${}^4$G Late-Type Galaxies
• Globular Cluster Counts around 700 Nearby Galaxies
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• The metallicity and elemental abundance maps of kinematically atypical galaxies for constraining minor merger and accretion histories
• NGC 7457: Evidence for merger-driven cylindrical rotation in disc galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: rules of behaviour for spin-ellipticity radial tracks in galaxies
• J-PLUS: Detecting and studying extragalactic globular clusters -- the case of NGC 1023
• Searching for globular clusters in the inner halo of the Circinus galaxy
• Total mass slopes and enclosed mass constrained by globular cluster system dynamics
• Shapes of dark matter haloes with discrete globular cluster dynamics: The example of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• Kinematics and Angular Momentum in Early Type Galaxy Halos
• Virial models and Anisotropy of Velocity Dispersion in e-galaxies
• Properties of Globular Clusters in Galaxy Clusters: Sensitivity from the Formation and Evolution of Globular Clusters
• The SLUGGS survey: a new mask design to reconstruct the stellar populations and kinematics of both inner and outer galaxy regions
• Extragalactic globular cluster near-infrared spectroscopy: I. Integrated near-infrared spectra of Centaurus A/NGC 5128
• The galactic acceleration scale is imprinted on globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies of most masses and on red and blue globular cluster subpopulations
• Refracted Gravity Solutions from Small to Large Scales
• Signatures of Hierarchical Mergers in Black Hole Spin and Mass distribution
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• Estimating galaxy masses from kinematics of globular cluster systems: a new method based on deep learning
• The contribution of the color space in LSST-like photometry for the selection of extragalactic globular cluster candidates