Wet Disc Contraction to Galactic Blue Nuggets and Quenching to Red Nuggets

Abstract

We study the origin of high-redshift, compact, quenched spheroids (red nuggets) through the dissipative shrinkage of gaseous discs into compact star-forming systems (blue nuggets). The discs, fed by cold streams, undergo violent disc instability (VDI) that drives gas into the centre (along with mergers). The inflow is dissipative when its timescale is shorter than the star formation timescale. This implies a threshold of 0.28 in the cold-to-total mass ratio within the disc radius. For the typical gas fraction 0.5 at z=2, this threshold is traced back to a maximum spin parameter of 0.05, implying that half the star-forming galaxies contract to blue nuggets, while the rest form extended stellar discs. Thus, the surface density of blue galaxies is expected to be bimodal about 10^9 Msun/kpc^2, slightly increasing with mass. Blue nuggets are expected to be rare at low z when the gas fraction is low. The blue nuggets quench to red nuggets by complementary internal and external mechanisms. Internal quenching by a compact bulge, operating as a fast mode and especially at high z, may involve starbursts, stellar and AGN feedback, or Q-quenching. Quenching due to hot-medium haloes above 10^{12} Msun provides maintenance and a slower mode at low redshift. These predictions are confirmed in simulations and are consistent with observations at z=0-3.

12 pages, 2 figures, minor revisions, a new schematic figure

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• Quenching, Mergers and Age Profiles for z=2 Galaxies in IllustrisTNG
• Extended star-forming region within galaxies in a dense proto-cluster core at z=2.53
• The quenched mass portion of star-forming galaxies and the origin of the star formation sequence slope
• Star Formation in High-Redshift Cluster Ellipticals
• Structures, stellar population properties, AGN fractions, and environments of massive compact galaxies at $1<z<2$ in 3D--{\it HST}/CANDELS
• Globular Cluster Systems of Massive Compact Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe: Evidence for Relic Red Nuggets?
• Ages and metallicities of quiescent galaxies: confronting broadband ($UVJ$) colours with stellar absorption lines
• Age and metal gradients in massive quiescent galaxies at $0.6\lesssim z\lesssim 1.0$: implications for quenching and assembly histories
• Massive Red Spiral Galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey
• The differences between mass- and light-derived structural parameters over time for MaNGA Elliptical galaxies
• Dynamical masses and non-homology of massive elliptical galaxies grown by dry mergers
• Dust Temperature of Compact Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 1-3$ in 3D-{\it HST}/CANDELS
• The Most Predictive Physical Properties for the Stellar Population Radial Profiles of Nearby Galaxies
• Unravelling the Origin of the Counter-Rotating Core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE
• Quenching in the Right Place at the Right Time: Tracing the Shared History of Starbursts, AGNs, and Post-starburst Galaxies Using Their Structures and Multiscale Environments
• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• Kinematic analysis of $\mathbf{z}=4.3$ galaxies in the SPT2349$-$56 protocluster core
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a gravitationally lensed Lyman break galaxy at z${}_{[CII]}$ = 6.827 using NOEMA
• The Role of Bulge Formation in the Homogenization of Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ as revealed by Internal Color Dispersion in CANDELS
• Discovery of two Einstein crosses from massive post--blue nugget galaxies at z>1 in KiDS
• Probing the Milky Way stellar and brown dwarf initial mass function with modern microlensing observations
• Exploring Spatially-Resolved Metallicities, Dynamics and Outflows in Low-Mass Galaxies at $z\sim 7.6$
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VII. A NOEMA pilot program to probe molecular gas in galaxies with measured circumgalactic gas flows
• Stellar angular momentum distribution linked to galaxy morphology
• A Morphological Study on Galaxies Hosting Optical Variability-Selected AGNs in the COSMOS Field
• MOSEL and IllustrisTNG: Massive Extended Galaxies at z=2 Quench Later Than Normal-size Galaxies
• The Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies: Lessons from IllustrisTNG
• DESI Massive Post-Starburst Galaxies at $\mathbf{z}\sim 1.2$ have compact structures and dense cores
• What drives the corpulence of galaxies? I. The formation of central compact dwarf galaxies in TNG50
• Multiresolution angular momentum measurements of z~1.5-2 star-forming galaxies
• The central dark matter fraction of massive early-type galaxies
• PRIMER: JWST/MIRI reveals the evolution of star-forming structures in galaxies at z<2.5
• Universal bimodality in kinematic morphology and the divergent pathways to galaxy quenching
• The kinematic bimodality: Efficient feedback and cold gas deficiency in slow-rotating galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Extended [CII] emission in an interacting galaxy system at z ~ 5.5
• J-PLUS: the impact of bars on quenching time-scales in nearby green valley disc galaxies
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• A two-phase model of galaxy formation: III. The formation of globular clusters
• The Differential Assembly History of the Centers and Outskirts of Main Sequence Galaxies at $z\sim 2.3$
• A nuclear spiral in a dusty star-forming galaxy at $z=2.78$
• HELLO project: High-$z$ Evolution of Large and Luminous Objects
• On the origin of compressive turbulence in protoclumps in high redshift disks
• Evolution of 3-dimensional Shape of Passively Evolving and Star-forming Galaxies at $z<1$
• A subarcsecond near-infrared view of massive galaxies at z > 1 with Gemini Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics
• A post-merger enhancement only in star-forming Type 2 Seyfert galaxies: the deep learning view
• The abundance of massive compact galaxies at $1.0<z<3.0$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• The dark side of early galaxies: $\text{geko}$ uncovers dark-matter fractions at $z\sim 4-6$
• Central star formation in double-peak gas rich radio galaxies
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. VIII: Disk Formation and Evolution of Simulated Milky Way Mass Galaxy Progenitors at $1<z<5$
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• Probing the earliest phases in the formation of massive galaxies with simulated HST+JWST imaging data from Illustris
• Intrinsic correlations of galaxy sizes in a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): The sizes and merger fraction of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$
• The stellar mass function of quiescent and star-forming galaxies and its dependence on morphology in COSMOS-Web
• Transforming galaxies with EASE: widespread structural changes enabled by short-lived spirals
• Hubble Space Telescope Captures UGC~12591: Bulge/Disc Properties, Star Formation and `Missing Baryons' Census in a Very Massive and Fast Spinning Hybrid Galaxy
• Star formation histories of massive red spiral galaxies in the local universe
• Multi-band analysis of strong gravitationally lensed post-blue nugget candidates from the Kilo-Degree Survey
• Identification and Quenching of Nugget Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey at z = 0
• Compact dust-obscured star-formation and the origin of the galaxy bimodality
• Formation of galactic bulges from the cold gas filaments in high-redshift dark matter halos
• Linking Compact Dwarf Starburst Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey to Downsized Blue Nuggets
• K-Band Imaging of the Nearby, Clumpy Turbulent Disk Galaxy DYNAMO G04-1
• The stellar host in star-forming low-mass galaxies: Evidence for two classes
• A SHARP Look at Quenching and Bulge-Disk Growth in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Are all post-starbursts mergers? HST reveals hidden disturbances in the majority of PSBs
• Statistical Properties of Cold Streams In Massive Star-Forming Halos in TNG50
• A big step forward with SHARP: spatially resolved stellar population properties in passive galaxies at z > 1.5
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age
• Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) IV: Metallicity Distributions and Bulge Structure from 2.6 Million Red Clump Stars
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• Observed structural parameters of EAGLE galaxies: reconciling the mass-size relation in simulations with local observations
• The link between star formation and gas in nearby galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical
• From naked spheroids to disky galaxies: how do massive disk galaxies shape their morphology?
• Low star-formation activity and low gas content of quiescent galaxies at $z=$ 3.5-4.0 constrained with ALMA