ALMA 1.3 mm Survey of Lensed Submillimeter Galaxies (SMGs) Selected by Herschel: Discovery of Spatially Extended SMGs and Implications

Abstract

We present an ALMA 1.3 mm (Band 6) continuum survey of lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at $z=1.0\sim 3.2$ with an angular resolution of $\sim 0.2$". These galaxies were uncovered by the Herschel Lensing Survey (HLS), and feature exceptionally bright far-infrared continuum emission ($S_{\mathrm{peak}}\gtrsim 90$ mJy) owing to their lensing magnification. We detect 29 sources in 20 fields of massive galaxy clusters with ALMA. Using both the Spitzer/IRAC (3.6/4.5 $\mu \mathrm{m}$) and ALMA data, we have successfully modeled the surface brightness profiles of 26 sources in the rest-frame near- and far-infrared. Similar to previous studies, we find the median dust-to-stellar continuum size ratio to be small ($R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{dust}}/R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{star}}=0.38\pm 0.14$) for the observed SMGs, indicating that star formation is centrally concentrated. This is, however, not the case for two spatially extended main-sequence SMGs with a low surface brightness at 1.3 mm ($\lesssim 0.1$ mJy arcsec${}^{-2}$), in which the star formation is distributed over the entire galaxy ($R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{dust}}/R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{star}}>1$). As a whole, our SMG sample shows a tight anti-correlation between ($R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{dust}}/R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{star}}$) and far-infrared surface brightness (${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{IR}}$) over a factor of $\simeq$ 1000 in ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{IR}}$. This indicates that SMGs with less vigorous star formation (i.e., lower ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{IR}}$) lack central starburst and are likely to retain a broader spatial distribution of star formation over the whole galaxies (i.e., larger $R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{dust}}/R_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{star}}$). The same trend can be reproduced with cosmological simulations as a result of central starburst and potentially subsequent "inside-out" quenching, which likely accounts for the emergence of compact quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 2$.

32 pages, 18 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

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