The Recent and Continuing Assembly of Field Ellipticals by Red Mergers

Abstract

We present a study of tidal debris associated with 126 nearby red galaxies selected from the MUSYC and NDWFS surveys. In the full sample 67 galaxies (53%) show morphological signatures of tidal interactions, consisting of broad fans of stars, tails, and other asymmetries at very faint surface brightness levels. When restricting the sample to the 86 bulge-dominated early-type galaxies the fraction of tidally disturbed galaxies rises to 71%, which implies that for every ``normal'' undisturbed elliptical there are two which show clear signs of interactions. The tidal features are red and smooth, and often extend over >50 kpc. Of the tidally distorted galaxies about 2/3 are remnants and 1/3 are interacting with a companion galaxy. The companions are usually bright red galaxies as well: the median R-band luminosity ratio of the tidal pairs is 0.31, and the median color difference after correcting for the slope of the color-magnitude relation is -0.02 in B-R. If the ongoing mergers are representative for the progenitors of the remnants ~35% of bulge-dominated galaxies experienced a merger with mass ratio >1:4 in the recent past. With further assumptions it is estimated that the present-day mass accretion rate of galaxies on the red sequence is 0.09+-0.04 per Gyr. For a constant or increasing mass accretion rate with redshift, we find that red mergers may lead to an evolution of a factor of >~2 in the stellar mass density in luminous red galaxies over the redshift range 0<z<1, consistent with recent studies of the evolution of the luminosity density. We conclude that most of today's field elliptical galaxies were assembled at low redshift through "dry" mergers of gas-poor, bulge-dominated systems. [ABRIDGED]

Accepted for publication in AJ (Dec 05 issue). Full version with high resolution figures and pictures of all 126 galaxies at http://www.astro.yale.edu/dokkum/mergers/

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• The Most Massive Early-type Galaxies Exhibit Tidal Features More Frequently in Lower-density Environments
• Spitzer's View of the Candidate Cluster and Protocluster Catalog (CCPC)
• Testing a prediction of the merger origin of early-type galaxies: a correlation between stellar populations and asymmetry
• Quantitative measure of evolution of bright cluster galaxies at moderate redshifts
• Chandra view of Abell 407: the central compact group of galaxies and the interaction between the radio AGN and the ICM
• The Spatial Distributions of Red and Blue Globular Clusters in Major Dry Merger Remnants
• STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS
• A Spitzer-IRS view of early-type galaxies with cuspy/core nuclei and with fast/slow rotation
• The Dirt on Dry Mergers
• The Intergalactic Stellar Population from Mergers of Elliptical Galaxies with Dark Matter halos
• The environment of QSO triplets at 1 $\lesssim$ z $\lesssim$ 1.5
• A Multiple Dry Merger at z=0.18: Witnessing The Assembly of a Massive Elliptical Galaxy
• Evidence for merging or disruption of red galaxies from the evolution of their clustering
• The Star Formation History and Stellar Assembly of High Redshift Galaxies
• The Slow Growth of Massive Galaxies in Rapidly Growing Dark Matter Halos