Structure and Formation of Elliptical and Spheroidal Galaxies

Abstract

New surface photometry of all known elliptical galaxies in the Virgo cluster is added to published data to derive composite profiles over large dynamic ranges. Sersic functions fit them remarkably well. Effective brightnesses and radii are derived via Sersic fits and by integrating the profiles nonparametrically. We strongly confirm two dichotomies: (1) Elliptical galaxies from cDs to M32 form a tight sequence in Fundamental Plane parameter space that is almost perpendicular to the sequence of spheroidal galaxies from NGC 205 to Draco. This is consistent with our understanding of their different formation processes: mergers for Es and conversion of late-type galaxies into spheroidals by environmental effects and by energy feedback from supernovae. (2) Ellipticals come in two varieties: e.g., our 10 brightest Es have cuspy cores; our 17 fainter Es do not have cores. We find a new distinct component in coreless Es. All have extra light at the center above the inward extrapolation of the outer Sersic profile. We suggest that extra light is made by starbursts in dissipational (wet) mergers, as in numerical simulations. Three other new aspects also point to an explanation of how the E-E dichotomy formed: extra light Es were made in wet mergers while core Es were made in dry mergers. We confirm that core Es do and extra light Es generally do not contain X-ray gas. This suggests why the E-E dichotomy arose. Only core Es and their progenitors are massive enough to retain hot gas that can make dry mergers dry and protect old star populations from late star formation.

94 pages, 77 figures from 170 Postscript files; requires emulateapj.sty, apjfonts.sty, and psfig.sty; accepted for publication in ApJS; for a version with full resolution figures, see http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/kfcb.html

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• Stellar mass-to-light ratio gradients in galaxies: correlations with mass
• Eccentric evolution of SMBH binaries
• Abundance patterns in early-type galaxies: is there a 'knee' in the [Fe/H] vs. [alpha/Fe] relation?
• An optical/NIR survey of globular clusters in early-type galaxies II. Ages of GC systems and the relation to galaxy morphology
• Hydrostatic Gas Constraints on Supermassive Black Hole Masses: Implications for Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Dynamical Modelling in a Sample of Early-Type Galaxies
• The SLUGGS Survey: A comparison of total-mass profiles of early-type galaxies from observations and cosmological simulations, to $\sim$4 effective radii
• Gravitational recoil: effects on massive black hole occupation fraction over cosmic time
• A quartet of black holes and a missing duo: probing the low-end of the Mbh - sigma relation with the adaptive optics assisted integral-field spectroscopy
• Galaxy structure from multiple tracers: III. Radial variations in M87's IMF
• Self-Similar Dynamical Relaxation of Dark Matter Halos in an Expanding Universe
• The Formation and Evolution of Virgo Cluster Galaxies - II. Stellar Populations
• Mergers in Galaxy Groups - I. Structure and Properties of Elliptical Remnants
• Massive Galaxies are Larger in Dense Environments: Environmental Dependence of Mass-Size Relation of Early-Type Galaxies
• Constraints on Small-Scale Structures of Dark Matter from Flux Anomalies in Quasar Gravitational Lenses
• Evolution of dwarf galaxies: a dynamical perspective
• A Spitzer-IRS Spectroscopic atlas of early-type galaxies in the Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog
• Formation and evolution of dwarf early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster II. Kinematic Scaling Relations
• An analysis of the composite stellar population in M32
• The simultaneous formation of cored, tangentially biased, and kinematically decoupled centers in massive early-type galaxies
• Intracluster Light in the Virgo Cluster: Large Scale Distribution
• Astrophysics of Super-massive Black Hole Mergers
• Steepening mass profiles, dark matter and environment of X-ray bright elliptical galaxies
• Sizing up Partially-Depleted Galaxy Cores
• The effect of helium-enhanced stellar populations on the ultraviolet-upturn phenomenon of early-type galaxies
• Detection of a Pseudobulge Hidden Inside the "Box-Shaped Bulge" of NGC 4565
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: I. Galaxy correlations and the impact of baryons
• Using NMAGIC to probe the dark matter halo and orbital structure of the X-ray bright, massive elliptical galaxy, NGC 4649
• The Globular Cluster System of the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4636: II. Kinematics of the Globular Cluster System
• Signatures of the M31-M32 Galactic Collision
• The Star Formation History of M32
• SPIDER - VI. The Central Dark Matter Content of Luminous Early-Type Galaxies: Benchmark Correlations with Mass, Structural Parameters and Environment
• The radio properties of a complete, X-ray selected sample of nearby, massive elliptical galaxies
• Extended Structure and Fate of the Nucleus in Henize 2-10
• The imprint of dissipation on the shapes of merger remnant LOSVDs
• The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) I: Imaging, Sample Characteristics, and Envelope Diameters
• The Maximum Stellar Surface Density Due to the Failure of Stellar Feedback
• Competitive feedback in galaxy formation
• A lensed radio jet at milli-arcsecond resolution I: Bayesian comparison of parametric lens models
• Tidal streams in newly discovered M32 analogues: evidence for the stripping scenario
• How Massive are Massive Compact Galaxies?
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: a statistical approach to an optimal classification of stellar kinematics in galaxy surveys
• Structure and dynamics of galaxies with a low surface-brightness disc - II. Stellar populations of bulges
• Black Hole Growth and Feedback in Isolated Romulus25 Dwarf Galaxies
• On the Initial Mass Function and tilt of the Fundamental Plane of massive early-type galaxies
• Cold gas in massive early-type galaxies: The case of NGC 1167
• The new semianalytic code GalICS 2.0 - Reproducing the galaxy stellar mass function and the Tully-Fisher relation simultaneously
• TDCOSMO. VII. Boxyness/discyness in lensing galaxies : Detectability and impact on $H_0$
• Identifying kinematic structures in simulated galaxies using unsupervised machine learning
• Revealing the relation between black-hole growth and host-galaxy compactness among star-forming galaxies
• Stellar Populations in the Outer Halo of the Massive Elliptical M49
• Constraining the formation of inner bars. Photometry, kinematics and stellar populations in NGC 357
• Cold gas and young stars in tidally-disturbed ellipticals at z=0
• The MASSIVE Survey - XII Connecting Stellar Populations of Early-Type Galaxies to Kinematics and Environment
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Dwarf galaxies in the Perseus galaxy cluster
• Intergalactic Gas in Groups of Galaxies: Implications for Dwarf Spheroidal Formation and The Missing Baryons Problem
• The Stellar Haloes of Massive Elliptical Galaxies III: Kinematics at Large Radius
• The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. IX. Classification of Bulge Types and Statistical Properties of Pseudo Bulges
• Implications for the origin of early-type dwarf galaxies --- the discovery of rotation in isolated, low-mass early-type galaxies
• A Compact Early-type Galaxy at z = 0.6 Under a Magnifying Lens: Evidence For Inside-out Growth
• Radio and optical orientations of galaxies
• The fate of the Antennae galaxies
• The kinematics of the outer halo of M87 as mapped by planetary nebulae
• Keck Integral-Field Spectroscopy of M87 Reveals an Intrinsically Triaxial Galaxy and a Revised Black Hole Mass
• The SLUGGS Survey: outer triaxiality of the Fast Rotator elliptical NGC 4473
• The Environmental Dependence of the Luminosity-Size Relation for Galaxies
• Globular clusters and supermassive black holes in galaxies: further analysis and a larger sample
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: global and local stellar population properties of elliptical galaxies
• Dissecting galactic bulges in space and time I: the importance of early formation scenarios vs. secular evolution
• Cores and the Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Zurich Environmental Study (ZENS) of Galaxies in Groups along the Cosmic Web. II. Galaxy Structural Measurements and the Concentration of Morphologically Classified Satellites in Diverse Environments
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) XXXI. The kinematics of intra-cluster globular clusters in the core of the Virgo cluster
• Fossil groups origins II. Unveiling the formation of the brightest group galaxies through their scaling relations
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. IV. Deprojection of the Surface Brightness Profiles of Early-Type Galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters: Investigating the "Core/Power-Law Dichotomy"
• Observed trend in the star formation history and the dark matter fraction of galaxies at redshift $z\approx 0.8$
• Star-forming early- and quiescent late-type galaxies in the local Universe
• Early-type dwarf galaxies in clusters: a mixed bag with various origins?
• Abell 1201: Detection of an Ultramassive Black Hole in a Strong Gravitational Lens
• RR Lyrae variables in M32 and the disk of M31
• Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei: Gas Supply Driven by Star Formation
• Modelling mass distribution in elliptical galaxies: mass profiles and their correlation with velocity dispersion profiles
• Evolutionary tracks of tidally stirred disky dwarf galaxies
• AGN feedback in elliptical galaxies: numerical simulations
• Constraints on Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from Pulsar Timing Array Limits on Continuous Gravitational Waves
• The MASSIVE Survey IX: Photometric Analysis of 35 High Mass Early-Type Galaxies with HST WFC3/IR
• Hierarchical models of high redshift galaxies with thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch stars: comparison with observations
• The SLUGGS Survey: Globular cluster system kinematics and substructure in NGC 4365
• Formation channels of slowly rotating early-type galaxies
• Linking the fate of massive black hole binaries to the active galactic nuclei luminosity function
• Physics of Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
• What triggers black-hole growth? Insights from star formation rates
• Accreted or Not Accreted? The Fraction of Accreted Mass in Galaxies from Simulations and Observations
• The Diverse Morphology, Stellar Population, and Black Hole Scaling Relations of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Quasars
• PICS: Simulations of Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters
• The SLUGGS survey: Using extended stellar kinematics to disentangle the formation histories of low mass S0 galaxies
• CLASH-VLT: Strangulation of cluster galaxies in MACSJ0416.1-2403 as seen from their chemical enrichment
• Specific Frequencies and Luminosity Profiles of Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light in Abell 1689
• Constraining star formation rates in cool-core brightest cluster galaxies
• The Deepest HST Color-Magnitude Diagram of M32: Evidence for Intermediate-Age Populations
• GAMA/H-ATLAS: Linking the Properties of Sub-mm Detected and Undetected Early-Type Galaxies: I. z$\le$0.06 Sample
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Uncovering the Angular Momentum Content of Central and Satellite Early-type Galaxies
• An optical and HI study of the dwarf Local Group galaxy VV124=UGC4879. A gas-poor dwarf with a stellar disk?
• Tidal Disruption Flares of Stars From Moderately Recoiled Black Holes
• Defining the (Black Hole)-Spheroid Connection with the Discovery of Morphology-Dependent Substructure in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{sph}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{sph}}$ Diagrams: New Tests for Advanced Theories and Realistic Simulations
• Structures in the fundamental plane of early-type galaxies
• A New Empirical Method to Infer the Starburst History of the Universe from Local Galaxy Properties
• The Formation of Compact Elliptical Galaxies in The Vicinity of A Massive Galaxy: The Role of Ram-pressure Confinement
• Hoag's Object: Evidence for Cold Accretion onto an Elliptical Galaxy
• Rapid Filamentary Accretion as the Origin of Extended Thin Discs
• The Role of Major Mergers and Nuclear Star Formation in Nearby Obscured Quasars
• Reaching for the Edge I: Probing the Outskirts of Massive Galaxies with HSC, DECaLS, SDSS, and Dragonfly
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• The jet and counterjet of 3C 270 (NGC 4261) viewed in the X-ray with Chandra
• Globular cluster systems as tracers of environmental effects on Virgo early-type dwarfs
• The Molecular Gas Density in Galaxy Centers and How It Connects to Bulges
• X-ray properties expected from AGN feedback in elliptical galaxies
• Feedback from central black holes in elliptical galaxies. II: Can purely mechanical energy feedback models work?
• Correlations between supermassive black holes, hot atmospheres, and the total masses of early type galaxies
• A deep view on the Virgo cluster core
• A Hubble Space Telescope Survey for Novae in M87. I. Light and Color Curves, Spatial Distributions and the Nova Rate
• Three dynamically distinct stellar populations in the halo of M49
• A Photometric Survey of Globular Cluster Systems in Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies: an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)
• The Rising Stellar Velocity Dispersion of M87 from Integrated Starlight
• Globular Cluster Systems and their Host Galaxies: Comparison of Spatial Distributions and Colors
• The halo of M49 and its environment as traced by planetary nebulae
• Further constraining galaxy evolution models through the Size Function of SDSS Early-type galaxies
• An E-ELT Case Study: Colour-Magnitude Diagrams of an Old Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster
• On the formation mechanisms of compact elliptical galaxies
• Spheroidal post-mergers in the local Universe
• To the Edge of M87 and Beyond: Spectroscopy of Intracluster Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Virgo Cluster
• An isolated, compact early-type galaxy with a diffuse stellar component: merger origin?
• Identifying Galaxy Mergers in Simulated CEERS NIRCam Images using Random Forests
• Is there a black hole in NGC 4382?
• Dwarf Galaxies in the Coma Cluster: II. Spectroscopic and Photometric Fundamental Planes
• VIS3COS: II. Nature and nurture in galaxy structure and morphology
• Re-growth of stellar disks in mature galaxies: The two component nature of NGC 7217 revisited with VIRUS-W
• Low redshift quasars in the SDSS Stripe 82. The local environments
• The temperature of hot gas halos of early-type galaxies
• Growth of bulges in disc galaxies since $z\sim 1$
• The SLUGGS Survey: Multi-population dynamical modelling of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1407 from stars and globular clusters
• The spatial distribution and origin of the FUV excess in early-type galaxies
• Young, metal-enriched cores in early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster based on colour gradients
• The properties of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Cen A group: Stellar populations, internal dynamics, and a heart-shaped Halpha ring
• Discovery of an isolated compact elliptical galaxy in the field
• How AGN feedback drives the size growth of the first quasars
• Evolution along the sequence of S0 Hubble types induced by dry minor mergers. II - Bulge-disk coupling in the photometric relations through merger-induced internal secular evolution
• Planetary nebulae in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4649 (M 60): kinematics and distance redetermination
• A Fundamental Line for Elliptical Galaxies
• Supermassive black hole mass in the massive elliptical galaxy M87 from integral-field stellar dynamics using OASIS and MUSE with adaptive optics: assessing systematic uncertainties
• A Chandra X-ray Survey of Optically Selected AGN Pairs
• Was the Milky Way Bulge Formed From The Buckling Disk Instability, Hierarchical Collapse, Accretion of Clumps, or All of the Above?
• The NGC 1614 Interacting Galaxy: Molecular Gas Feeding a "Ring of Fire"
• Testing the presence of multiple photometric components in nearby early-type galaxies using SDSS
• Galaxy classification: a deep learning approach for classifying Sloan Digital Sky Survey images
• Revisiting the Size-Luminosity Relation in the Era of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies
• The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey - VII. Structure and Assembly of Massive Galaxies in the Center of the Coma Cluster
• Dwarf Galaxies in the Coma Cluster: I. Velocity Dispersion Measurements
• Compact Starburst Galaxies with Fast Outflows: Central Escape Velocities and Stellar Mass Surface Densities from Multi-band Hubble Space Telescope Imaging
• Gas Accretion in the M32 Nucleus: Past & Present
• The dichotomy of dark matter fraction and total mass density slope of galaxies over five dex in mass
• The Inside-out Growth of the Most Massive Galaxies at 0.3<z<0.9
• The Build-Up of Nuclear Stellar Cusps in Extreme Starburst Galaxies and Major Mergers
• Are Dry Mergers Dry, Moist, or Wet?
• Consequences of the lack of azimuthal freedom in the modeling of lensing galaxies
• UV-bright nearby early type galaxies observed in the mid-infrared: evidence for a multi-stage formation history by way of WISE and GALEX imaging
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster - III. Properties of faint early-type galaxies
• The globular clusters-stellar haloes connection in early type galaxies
• A SLUGGS and Gemini/GMOS combined study of the elliptical galaxy M60: wide-field photometry and kinematics of the globular cluster system
• A far-IR view of the starburst driven superwind in NGC 2146
• Detection of Enhanced Central Mass-to-Light Ratios in Low-Mass Early-Type Galaxies: Evidence for Black Holes?
• Multiband photometric decomposition of nuclear stellar disks
• Frequency of Tidal Features Correlates with Age and Internal Structure of Early-type Galaxies
• The Correlation between Black Hole Mass and Stellar Mass for Classical Bulges and the Cores of Ellipticals
• A search for active galactic nuclei in low-mass compact galaxies
• An Extensive Catalog of Early-type Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe: Morphology and Environment
• Is IRAS 01072+4954 a True-Seyfert 2? Hints from Near Infrared Integral Field Spectroscopy
• A case study for a tidal interaction between dwarf galaxies in UGC 6741
• On the nature of IC 3328, an early-type dwarf galaxy with weak spiral structure
• A Non-Parametric Estimate of Mass 'Scoured' in Galaxy Cores
• Kinematics of the diffuse intragroup and intracluster light in groups and clusters of galaxies in the Local Universe within 100 Mpc distance
• Understanding the Unique Assembly History of Central Group Galaxies
• Relation Between Globular Clusters and Supermassive Black Holes in Ellipticals as a Manifestation of the Black Hole Fundamental Plane
• Minor Mergers are not enough: The importance of Major Mergers during Brightest Cluster Galaxy assembly
• The radial distribution of X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in NGC 4649 and their relation with the local stellar mass density
• Star formation quenching imprinted on the internal structure of naked red nuggets
• Mass density slope of elliptical galaxies from strong lensing and resolved stellar kinematics
• Stellar Systems in the direction of the Hickson Compact Group 44 - I. Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• Is the Universe Simpler than LCDM?
• Dwarf Spheroidal Satellite Formation in a Reionized Local Group
• Hubble Space Telescope survey of the Perseus Cluster -III: The effect of local environment on dwarf galaxies
• The impact of $\Lambda$CDM substructure and baryon-dark matter transition on the image positions of quad galaxy lenses
• Dual Halos and Formation of Early-Type Galaxies
• On the radial extent of the dwarf irregular galaxy IC10
• Quiescent galaxies in a virialized cluster at redshift 2: Evidence for accelerated size-growth
• Analytical Galaxy Profiles for Photometric and Lensing Analysis
• Intrinsic Shape of Star-Forming BzK Galaxies at z~2 in GOODS-N
• Quantitative analysis of spirality in elliptical galaxies
• Low-mass compact elliptical galaxies: spatially-resolved stellar populations and kinematics with the Keck Cosmic Web Imager
• Planetary nebulae in the elliptical galaxy NGC 821: kinematics and distance determination
• The mass budget for intermediate-mass black holes in dense star clusters
• On the accretion of a new group of galaxies onto Virgo: I. Internal kinematics of nine in-falling dEs
• Evidence for a Young Stellar Population in Nearby Type 1 Active Galaxies
• Is There a Fundamental Upper Limit to the Mass of a Star Cluster?
• Hydrostatic equilibrium profiles for gas in elliptical galaxies
• Origin of multiple nuclei in ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• Exploring the Role of Globular Cluster Specific Frequency on the Nova Rates in Three Virgo Elliptical Galaxies
• Evidence for non-axisymmetry in M31 from wide-field kinematics of stars and gas
• Spitzer IRS Spectral Mapping of the Toomre Sequence: Spatial Variations of PAH, Gas, and Dust Properties in Nearby Major Mergers
• Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies
• Spatially-resolved NUV-r color of local star-forming galaxies and clues for quenching
• Galaxy structure from multiple tracers: I. A census of M87's globular cluster populations
• An Environmental Study of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source Population in Early-type Galaxies
• Structural Analogs of the Milky Way Galaxy: Stellar Populations in the Boxy Bulges of NGC 4565 and NGC 5746
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VIII. Reproducing Color Distributions of Individual Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Supernovae and their host galaxies -- VI. Normal Type Ia and 91bg-like supernovae in ellipticals
• The Impact of Outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei on Metals in and around Galaxies
• Globular cluster systems in fossil groups: NGC6482, NGC1132 and ESO306-017
• The SAMI -- Fornax Dwarfs Survey II: The Stellar Mass Fundamental Plane and the Dark Matter fraction of Dwarf Galaxies
• Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
• Discovery of a transient ultraluminous X-ray source in the elliptical galaxy M86
• The Galaxy Population In Voids: Are All Voids The Same?
• Two phase formation of massive elliptical galaxies : study through cross-correlation including spatial effect
• Examining the Radio-Loud/Radio-Quiet dichotomy with new Chandra and VLA observations of 13 UGC galaxies
• Dark Matter and IMF normalization in Virgo dwarf early-type galaxies
• Resequencing the Hubble sequence and the quadratic (black hole mass)-(spheroid stellar mass) relation for elliptical galaxies
• Radio Emission and AGN Feedback in Post-starburst Galaxies
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) III: fundamental plane of cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 1.80$ in JKCS 041
• A 6.4yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations in SDSS J075217.84+193542.2: a new candidate for central binary black hole system
• A Steep Slope and Small Scatter for the High-Mass End of the L-$\sigma$ Relation at $z\sim 0.55$
• Herschel and JCMT observations of the early-type dwarf galaxy NGC 205
• SUBARU and e-Merlin observations of NGC3718. Diaries of an SMBH recoil?
• Relating basic properties of bright early-type dwarf galaxies to their location in Abell 901/902
• Real and counterfeit cores: how feedback expands halos and disrupts tracers of inner gravitational potential in dwarf galaxies
• Ellipticity of Brightest Cluster Galaxies as tracer of halo orientation and weak-lensing mass bias
• Mass and size growth of early-type galaxies by dry mergers in cluster environments
• Compact elliptical galaxies in different local environments: a mixture of galaxies with different origins?
• The nuclear activity and central structure of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5322
• The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
• Scaling relations for globular cluster systems in early-type galaxies. II. Is there an environmental dependence?
• The kinematic signature of the inspiral phase of massive binary black holes
• A New Channel of Bulge Formation via The Destruction of Short Bars
• Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction Within 5 Effective Radii
• Complex angular structure of three elliptical galaxies from high-resolution ALMA observations of strong gravitational lenses
• Magnetic fields in elliptical galaxies: an observational probe of the fluctuation dynamo action
• Dependence of the Fundamental Plane of Early-type Galaxies on Age and Internal Structure
• VLT Observations of NGC 1097's "dog-leg" tidal stream
• Intermediate-age Globular Clusters in Four Galaxy Merger Remnants
• Early-type galaxies in the Antlia Cluster: A deep look into scaling relations
• Revisiting the low-luminosity galaxy population of the NGC 5846 group with SDSS
• CANDELS Meets GSWLC: Evolution of the Relationship Between Morphology and Star Formation Since z = 2
• Elliptical galaxies kinematics within general relativity with renormalization group effects
• Globular Clusters: DNA of Early-Type galaxies?
• Reconciling stellar dynamical and hydrostatic X-ray mass measurements of an elliptical galaxy with gas rotation, turbulence and magnetic fields
• The Fornax3D project: The assembly history of massive early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster from deep imaging and integral field spectroscopy
• Central velocity dispersion catalog of LAMOST-DR7 galaxies
• Deep Learning Assessment of galaxy morphology in S-PLUS DataRelease 1
• Bulge formation through disc instability -- I
• A Wide-field Photometric Survey of Globular Clusters in the Peculiar Early-type Galaxy M85
• Globular Cluster Systems of Relic Galaxies
• Modelling the formation of today's massive ellipticals
• Detection of Galaxies with Gaia
• The Black Hole Mass - Galaxy Luminosity Relationship for Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasars
• On the assembly history of massive galaxies. A pilot project with VEGAS deep imaging and M3G integral field spectroscopy
• AGN must be very efficient at powering outflows
• A Spitzer Space Telescope survey of extreme Asymptotic Giant Branch stars in M32
• FUV line emission, gas kinematics, and discovery of [Fe XXI] $\lambda$1354.1 in the sightline towards a filament in M87
• Discovering Strongly-lensed QSOs From Unresolved Light Curves
• TDCOSMO VIII: A key test of systematics in the hierarchical method of time-delay cosmography
• Characterising the Structure of Halo Merger Trees Using a Single Parameter: The Tree Entropy
• Exploring the relation between dust mass and galaxy properties using Dusty SAGE
• Early-type dwarf galaxies with multicomponent stellar structure: Are they remnants of disc galaxies strongly transformed by their environment?
• SUBARU Spectroscopy of the Globular Clusters in the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy M86
• Studying the metallicity gradient in Virgo Ellipticals with E-ELT photometry of resolved stars
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• A 3.8yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations in blue quasar SDSS J132144+033055 through combined light curves from CSS and ZTF
• Surface Brightness and Intrinsic Luminosity of Ellipticals
• OMEGA - OSIRIS Mapping of Emission-line Galaxies in A901/2: III. - Galaxy Properties Across Projected Phase Space in A901/2
• The environment of low redshift quasar pairs
• Spitzer IRAC Low Surface Brightness Observations of the Virgo Cluster
• The supermassive black hole merger driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• A Normal Abundance of Faint Satellites in the Fossil Group NGC 6482
• The scaling relations of early-type dwarf galaxies across a range of environments
• SDSS J085431.18+173730.5: The First Compact Elliptical Galaxy Hosting an Active Nucleus
• Accuracy and precision of triaxial orbit models II: Viewing angles, shape and orbital structure
• Optical emission lines in the most massive galaxies: morphology, kinematics and ionisation properties
• The Abell 85 BCG: a nucleated, core-less galaxy
• Stellar kinematics of X-ray bright massive elliptical galaxies
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• Ubiquitous Time Variability of Integrated Stellar Populations
• Study of central light concentration in nearby galaxies
• Gemini/GMOS Spectroscopy of Globular Clusters in the Merger Remnant Galaxy M85
• Galaxy populations in groups and clusters: evidence for a characteristic stellar mass scale at $M_{\ast }\sim 10^{9.5}{M}_{\odot }$
• Deep Chandra observations of X-ray point sources in M87
• Galaxy Core Formation by Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: the Importance of Realistic Initial Conditions and Galaxy Morphology
• An Explanation for the Slopes of Stellar Cusps in Galaxy Spheroids
• Order and Chaos in a Three-dimensional Binary System of Interacting Galaxies
• The formation of compact dwarf ellipticals through merging star clusters
• The SLUGGS Survey: Globular cluster kinematics in a "double sigma" galaxy - NGC 4473
• IFU spectroscopy of 10 early-type galactic nuclei - IV. Properties of the circumnuclear stellar kinematics
• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• Pseudo bulges in galaxy groups: the role of environment in secular evolution
• Tidal features and disc thicknesses of edge-on galaxies in the SDSS Stripe 82
• Identifying supermassive black hole recoil in elliptical galaxies
• Dissecting the morphological and spectroscopic properties of galaxies in the local Universe: I. Elliptical galaxies
• Stellar populations of the bulges of four spiral galaxies
• How non-linear scaling relations unify dwarf and giant elliptical galaxies
• The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. V. Provenance of the Test and a New Representation of the Data for Three Remote HST Galaxy Clusters
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• Early-type galaxies in the Antlia Cluster: global properties
• Unifying static analysis of gravitational structures with a scale-dependent scalar field gravity as an alternative to dark matter
• AStroLens: Automatic Strong-Lens Modeling of X-ray Selected Galaxy Clusters
• The dwarf galaxy population in nearby clusters from the KIWICS survey
• The massive elliptical galaxy NGC 4649 from the perspective of extended gravity
• Massive star formation in galaxies with excess UV emission
• The complex globular cluster system of the S0 galaxy NGC 4382 in the outskirts of the Virgo Cluster
• Connecting traces of galaxy evolution: the missing core mass -- morphological fine structure relation
• Early-type galaxies at intermediate redshift observed with HST WFC3: perspectives on recent star-formation
• Probing the link between quenching and morphological evolution
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• The Structure of Galaxies: II. Fitting Functions and Scaling Relations for Ellipticals
• Star Formation in Massive Galaxies at Redshift $z\sim 0.5$
• Interstellar scintillation is an indicator of astrometric stability
• Stellar cusp and warm dust at the heart of NGC1068
• Photometric Properties of Six Local Volume Dwarf Galaxies from Deep Near-Infrared Observations
• Selection and Mid-infrared Spectroscopy of Ultraluminous Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• Modelling dust rings in early-type galaxies through a sequence of radiative transfer simulations and 2D image fitting
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Quasar Radio-Loudness and the Elliptical Core Problem
• Globular Cluster Scale Sizes in Giant Galaxies: Orbital Anisotropy and Tidally Under-filling Clusters in M87, NGC 1399, and NGC 5128
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey: The specific angular momentum of ETGs
• The Structure of Galaxies: III. Two Structural Families of Ellipticals
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Kinematics and stellar population of NGC 4486A
• Compact elliptical galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei in isolated environment
• Contribution of the first galaxies to the cosmic far-infrared/sub-millimeter background - I. Mean background level
• The Hot Interstellar Medium
• Photometric redshift estimation of strongly lensed galaxies
• The Stellar Kinematic Signature of Massive Black Hole Binaries
• Deep spectroscopy of nearby galaxy clusters: IV The quench of the star formation in galaxies in the infall region of Abell\ 85
• Dark Matter Halos: The Dynamical Basis of Effective Empirical Models
• Color Dispersion as an Indicator of Stellar Population Complexity: Insights from the Pixel Color-Magnitude Diagrams of 32 Bright Galaxies in Abell 1139 and Abell 2589
• Suppression of Star Formation in the Hosts of Low-Excitation Radio Galaxies
• Stellar Populations in the Galactic Center
• Elliptical multipoles for gravitational lenses
• Comparison of simple mass estimators for slowly rotating elliptical galaxies
• The Fundamental Plane Is Not a Plane: Warped Nature of the Fundamental Plane of Early-type Galaxies and Its Implication for Galaxy Formation
• Stellar kinematics and populations out to 1.5 effective radius in the elliptical galaxy NGC4636
• Structure and Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
• Use of spatial cross correlation function to study formation mechanism of massive elliptical galaxies
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Low-redshift Quasars and Inactive Galaxies Have Similar Neighbors
• The core fundamental plane of B2 radio galaxies
• Infrared variable stars in the compact elliptical galaxy M32
• Revealing the Warm and Hot Halo Baryons via Thomson Scattering of Quasar Light
• DES to HSC: Detecting low surface brightness galaxies in the Abell 194 cluster using transfer learning
• LeMMINGs. VI. Connecting nuclear activity to bulge properties of active and inactive galaxies: radio scaling relations and galaxy environment
• The secular evolution of a uniform density star cluster immersed in a compressible galactic tidal field
• Structure and Kinematics of Star-forming Elliptical Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA
• Mysterious Globular Cluster System of the Peculiar Massive Galaxy M85
• DES J024008.08-551047.5:A new member of the polar ring galaxy family
• Assessing the dark matter content of two quasar host galaxies at z~6 through gas kinematics
• A catalogue of nuclear stellar velocity dispersions of nearby galaxies from H$\alpha$ STIS spectra to constrain supermassive black hole masses
• Estimating lifetimes of uv-selected massive galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.5$ in the cosmos/ultravista field through clustering analyses
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Black Hole Scaling Relations Are Not Biased by Selection Effects
• Low-mass and High-mass Supermassive Blackholes In Radio-Loud AGNs Are Spun-up in Different Evolution Paths
• The Dirt on Dry Mergers
• Testing cosmological models with the brightness profile of distant galaxies
• The bright galaxy population of five medium redshift clusters. II. Quantitative Galaxy Morphology
• Modeling Tidal Streams and Tidal Tails around Galaxies Using Deep Wendelstein Imaging Data
• The spatially-resolved effect of mergers on the stellar mass assembly of MaNGA galaxies
• A Spitzer-IRS view of early-type galaxies with cuspy/core nuclei and with fast/slow rotation
• Structural Analysis of Brightest Cluster Galaxies in Poor and Rich Clusters
• SDSS J122958.84+000138.0: A Compact, Optically red galaxy
• Very-high-energy gamma-ray detection and long-term multi-wavelength view of the flaring blazar B2 1811+31
• PowerBin: Fast Adaptive Data Binning with Centroidal Power Diagrams
• Elliptical galaxies: rotationally distorted, after all
• Galactic Traversability: A New Concept for Extragalactic SETI
• Elliptical galaxies/stellar halos connection
• Virial models and Anisotropy of Velocity Dispersion in e-galaxies
• Multi-layered characterization of hot stellar systems with confidence
• Revisiting the Dichotomy of Early-type Galaxies
• An excess of low-mass X-ray binaries in the outer halo of NGC 4472
• On the Dichotomy between Normal and Dwarf Ellipticals
• Modelling of surface brightness fluctuation measurements: Methodology, uncertainty, and recommendations
• Gamma Rays from Annihilations at the Galactic Center in a Physical Dark Matter Distribution
• Period-Luminosity-Metallicity-Color Relations of Late-type Contact Binaries in the Big Data Era
• LeMMINGs. V. Nuclear activity and bulge properties: a detailed multi-component decomposition of $e$-MERLIN Palomar galaxies with $HST$
• A continuum of structure and stellar content from Virgo cluster early-type dwarfs to giants?
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Analysis of luminosity distributions and shape parameters of strong gravitational lensing elliptical galaxies
• Zangetsu: A Candidate of Isolated, Quiescent, and Backsplash Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy in the COSMOS Field
• Asymmetry at Low Surface Brightness as an Indicator of Environmental Processes in the Fornax Cluster
• Early-type Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe. Evidence of Ex-situ Growth
• Deep photometry of galaxies in the VEGAS survey: the case of NGC 4472
• The baryonic mass-size relation of galaxies. II. Implications for the evolutionary paths between star-forming and passive galaxies
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XL. The Morphological Classification of Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• The Formation of Dwarf Galaxy Disks
• Diffuse light and galaxy interactions in the core of nearby clusters
• Adiabatic black hole growth in Sérsic models of elliptical galaxies
• Discovery of an Intermediate Mass Black Hole at the center of the starburst/Seyfert composite galaxy IRAS 01072+4954
• Planetary Nebulae and their parent stellar populations. Tracing the mass assembly of M87 and Intracluster light in the Virgo cluster core
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• A SAURON study of dwarf elliptical galaxies in the Virgo Cluster: kinematics and stellar populations
• Tidal Streams in Newly Discovered Compact Elliptical (cE) Galaxies
• The outer halos of elliptical galaxies
• Morphological transformation of NGC 205?
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age
• Scaling relations of early-type galaxies in MOND
• Formation of dwarf ellipticals and dwarf irregular galaxies by interaction of giant galaxies under environmental influence
• The 5 Gyr evolution of sub-M* galaxies
• Growth of black holes at the centre of early-type galaxies in MOND
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: A Catalogue of Spectroscopically Detected Strong Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Candidates
• Ground-based Pa$\alpha$ Narrow-band Imaging of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies II: Bulge Structure And Star Formation Activity
• A thick-disk galaxy model and simulations of equal-mass galaxy pair collisions
• WISDOM Project -- XXVI. Cross-checking supermassive black hole mass estimates from ALMA CO gas kinematics and SINFONI stellar kinematics in the galaxy NGC 4751
• The role of dark matter in the galaxy mass-size relationship
• The far-infrared view of M87 as seen by the Herschel Space Observatory
• A Fuzzy Situation Eased: Cold Dark Matter with Multipoles Can Explain The Double Radio Quad Lens HS 0810+2554
• Connections between Central Intensity Ratio and hot gas properties of early-type galaxies
• The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-Limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Cannibalism Caught in the Act -- on the Frequency of Occurrence of Multiple Cores in Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• The most massive galaxies with large depleted cores: structural parameter relations and black hole masses
• NGC 147 Corroborates the Break in the Stellar Mass-Stellar Metallicity Relation for Galaxies