The Fornax3D project: Tracing the assembly history of the cluster from the kinematic and line-strength maps

Abstract

The 31 brightest galaxies (m_B < 15 mag) inside the virial radius of the Fornax cluster were observed from the centres to the outskirts with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer on the Very Large Telescope. These observations provide detailed high-resolution maps of the line-of-sight kinematics and line strengths of the stars and ionised gas reaching 2-3 Re for 21 early-type galaxies and 1-2 Re for 10 late-type galaxies. The majority of the galaxies are regular rotators, with eight hosting a kinematically distinct core. Only two galaxies are slow rotators. The mean age, total metallicity, and [Mg/Fe] abundance ratio in the bright central region inside 0.5 Re and in the galaxy outskirts are presented. Extended emission-line gas is detected in 13 galaxies, most of them are late-type objects with wide-spread star formation. The measured structural properties are analysed in relation to the galaxies' position in the projected phase space of the cluster. This shows that the Fornax cluster appears to consist of three main groups of galaxies inside the virial radius: the old core; a clump of galaxies, which is aligned with the local large-scale structure and was accreted soon after the formation of the core; and a group of galaxies that fell in more recently.

Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal. The high-resolution pdf file, including all maps in the Appendix, is available at the following link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/oukfd56dogf6v9t/F3D_sample_paper.pdf?dl=0

References in corpus (36)

• Overview of the SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey: Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory
• Improving the full spectrum fitting method: accurate convolution with Gauss-Hermite functions
• Strangulation as the primary mechanism for shutting down star formation in galaxies
• The Atlas3D Project - XXX. Star formation histories and stellar population scaling relations of early-type galaxies
• Evolutionary stellar population synthesis with MILES - II. Scaled-solar and α-enhanced models
• The Atlas3D project -- XXIX. The new look of early-type galaxies and surrounding fields disclosed by extremely deep optical images
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: I. Survey description, data reduction and source detection
• BUDHIES II: A phase-space view of HI gas stripping and star-formation quenching in cluster galaxies
• The SAURON project - VII. Integral-field absorption and emission-line kinematics of 24 spiral galaxy bulges
• The MASSIVE Survey - I. A Volume-Limited Integral-Field Spectroscopic Study of the Most Massive Early-Type Galaxies within 108 Mpc
• The SAURON project - VI. Line strength maps of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• The Burrell Schmidt Deep Virgo Survey: Tidal Debris, Galaxy Halos, and Diffuse Intracluster Light in the Virgo Cluster
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. I. Introduction to the Survey and Data Reduction Procedures
• The fate of spiral galaxies in clusters: the star formation history of the anemic Virgo cluster galaxy NGC 4569
• The stellar accretion origin of stellar population gradients in massive galaxies at large radii
• The Near-infrared S0 Survey III: Morphology of 15 Southern Early-type Disk Galaxies
• The Fornax 3D project: unveiling the thick disk origin in FCC 170: signs of accretion?
• Timing the formation and assembly of early-type galaxies via spatially resolved stellar populations analysis
• The Physical Origins of The Morphology-Density Relation: Evidence for Gas Stripping from the SDSS
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Quenching of star formation in clusters I. Transition galaxies
• The MASSIVE Survey - VIII. Stellar Velocity Dispersion Profiles and Environmental Dependence of Early-Type Galaxies
• Distribution of Slow and Fast Rotators in the Fornax Cluster
• The information content of stellar halos: Stellar population gradients and accretion histories in early-type Illustris galaxies
• The complex gas kinematics in the nucleus of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1386: rotation, outflows and inflows
• Morphological Fractions of Galaxies in WINGS Clusters: revisiting the Morphology-Density Paradigm
• The Fornax 3D project: a two-dimensional view of the stellar initial mass function in the massive lenticular galaxy FCC 167
• Intra-cluster patches of baryons in the core of the Fornax cluster
• The Fornax 3D project: Thick disks in a cluster environment
• S0 galaxies in Fornax: data and kinematics
• Characterization of ICM Temperature Distributions of 62 Galaxy Clusters with XMM-Newton
• Gas sloshing regulates and records the evolution of the Fornax Cluster
• The MASSIVE Survey - XII Connecting Stellar Populations of Early-Type Galaxies to Kinematics and Environment
• Sloshing in its cD halo: MUSE kinematics of the central galaxy NGC 3311
• First results from SAPAC: towards a 3D-picture of the Fornax cluster core
• The Fornax 3D project: dust mix and gas properties in the center of early-type galaxy FCC 167
• Distribution of star formation rates during the rapid assembly of NGC 1399 as deduced from its globular cluster system

Cited by in corpus (47)

• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. VIII. Connecting the accretion history with the cluster density
• An inventory of galaxies in cosmic filaments feeding galaxy clusters: galaxy groups, backsplash galaxies, and pristine galaxies
• Diversity of nuclear star cluster formation mechanisms revealed by their star formation histories
• The distribution and morphologies of Fornax Cluster dwarf galaxies suggest they lack dark matter
• A blind ATCA HI survey of the Fornax galaxy cluster: properties of the HI detections
• The distribution of star formation in galactic bars as seen with H$\alpha$ and stacked GALEX UV imaging
• Resolved stellar population properties of PHANGS-MUSE galaxies
• The Fornax3D project: Assembly histories of lenticular galaxies from a combined dynamical and population orbital analysis
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. X. The assembly history of the bright galaxies and intra-group light in the Fornax A subgroup
• The SAMI -- Fornax Dwarfs Survey I: Sample, observations and the specific stellar angular momentum of dwarf elliptical galaxies
• Accretion of Galaxy Groups into Galaxy Clusters
• AlFoCS + Fornax3D: resolved star formation in the Fornax cluster with ALMA and MUSE
• The Fornax3D project: discovery of ancient massive merger events in the Fornax cluster galaxies NGC 1380 and NGC 1427
• On the robustness of triaxial Schwarzschild modelling: The effects of correcting the orbit mirroring
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey III -- Kinematical characterisation of globular clusters across the Fornax galaxy cluster
• CO($J$=1-0) mapping survey of 64 galaxies in the Fornax cluster with the ALMA Morita array
• Ultra-compact dwarfs beyond the centre of the Fornax galaxy cluster: Hints of UCD formation in low-density environments
• The SAMI -- Fornax Dwarfs Survey II: The Stellar Mass Fundamental Plane and the Dark Matter fraction of Dwarf Galaxies
• The Fornax3D project: Environmental effects on the assembly of dynamically cold disks in Fornax cluster galaxies
• Fornax 3D project: automated detection of planetary nebulae in the centres of early-type galaxies and first results
• The Fornax3D project: The environmental impact on gas metallicity gradients in Fornax cluster galaxies
• The MeerKAT Fornax Survey IV. A close look at the cluster physics through the densest rotation measure grid
• The Fornax3D project: The assembly history of massive early-type galaxies in the Fornax cluster from deep imaging and integral field spectroscopy
• Dynamical structure of small bulges reveals their early formation in ΛCDM paradigm
• Stellar Population and Elemental Abundance Gradients of Early-type Galaxies
• On the assembly history of massive galaxies. A pilot project with VEGAS deep imaging and M3G integral field spectroscopy
• Estimating stellar population and emission line properties in S-PLUS galaxies
• Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ diagram
• Galaxies with kinematically distinct cores in Illustris
• NGC 1436: the making of a lenticular galaxy in the Fornax cluster
• AlFoCS + F3D II: unexpectedly low gas-to-dust ratios in the Fornax galaxy cluster
• The cycle of metals in the infalling elliptical galaxy NGC 1404
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXXIII. Stellar Population Gradients in the Virgo Cluster Core Globular Cluster System
• The truncation of the disk of NGC 4565: Detected up to z=4 kpc, with star formation, and affected by the warp
• The survival of stellar discs in Fornax-like environments, from TNG50 to real galaxies
• Are early-type galaxies quenched by present-day environment? A study of dwarfs in the Fornax Cluster
• The Fornax 3D project: PNe populations and stellar metallicity in edge-on galaxies
• The fragility of thin discs in galaxies -- I. Building tailored N-body galaxy models
• The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): Mapping H$\alpha$+[NII] emission in 77 Fornax galaxy members reaching $\sim$4 Rvir
• The Effect of Superpositions on the Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119
• Mass-dependent chemical enrichment sequences of SDSS star-forming galaxies out to z~0.3 revealed by direct O & Ar abundances
• A Comparison of Full Spectral Fitting Codes for Measuring the Stellar Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Population Properties in Elliptical Galaxies
• Towards Precision Cosmology With Improved PNLF Distances Using VLT-MUSE. III. Impact of Stellar Populations in Early-Type Galaxy
• The Fornax3D project: Planetary nebulae catalogue and independent distance measurements to Fornax cluster galaxies
• Brought to Light III: Colors of Disk and Clump Substructures in Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies of the Fornax Cluster
• Fornax 3D project: assessing the diversity of IMF and stellar population maps within the Fornax Cluster