Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ diagram

Abstract

This work advances the (galaxy morphology)-dependent (black hole mass, $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$)-(spheroid/galaxy stellar mass, $M_{\ast }$) scaling relations by introducing `dust bins' for lenticular (S0) galaxies. Doing so has led to the discovery of $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{sph}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{gal}}$ relations for dusty S0 galaxies - built by major wet mergers and comprising half the S0 sample - offset from the distribution of dust-poor S0 galaxies. The situation is reminiscent of how major dry mergers of massive S0 galaxies have created an offset population of ellicular and elliptical galaxies. For a given $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$, the dust-rich S0 galaxies have 3 to 4 times higher $M_{\ast ,\mathrm{sph}}$ than the dust-poor S0 galaxies, and the steep distributions of both populations in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{sph}}$ diagram bracket the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}\propto M_{\ast ,\mathrm{sph}}^{2.27+/-0.48}$ relation defined by the spiral galaxies, themselves renovated through minor mergers. The new relations offer refined means to estimate $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$ in other galaxies and should aid with: (i) constructing (galaxy morphology)-dependent black hole mass functions; (ii) estimating the masses of black holes associated with tidal disruption events; (iii) better quantifying evolution in the scaling relations via improved comparisons with high-$z$ data by alleviating the pickle of apples versus oranges; (iv) mergers and long-wavelength gravitational wave science; (v) simulations of galaxy/black hole coevolution and semi-analytic works involving galaxy speciation; plus (vi) facilitating improved extrapolations into the intermediate-mass black hole landscape. The role of the galaxy's environment is also discussed, and many potential projects that can further explore the morphological divisions are mentioned.

18 pages plus references and Appendix

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