Extragalactic Globular Clusters and Galaxy Formation

Abstract

Globular cluster (GC) systems have now been studied in galaxies ranging from dwarfs to giants and spanning the full Hubble sequence of morphological types. Imaging and spectroscopy with the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes have together established that most galaxies have bimodal color distributions that reflect two subpopulations of old GCs: metal-poor and metal-rich. The characteristics of both subpopulations are correlated with those of their parent galaxies. We argue that metal-poor GCs formed in low-mass dark matter halos in the early universe and that their properties reflect biased galaxy assembly. The metal-rich GCs were born in the subsequent dissipational buildup of their parent galaxies and their ages and abundances indicate that most massive early-type galaxies formed the bulk of their stars at early times. Detailed studies of both subpopulations offer some of the strongest constraints on hierarchical galaxy formation that can be obtained in the near-field.

74 pages, including 14 figures. In press for Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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Cited by in corpus (594)

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• Globular cluster systems as tracers of the evolutionary history in NGC 3258 and NGC 3268
• Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
• The SLUGGS survey: combining stars, globular clusters and planetary nebulae to understand the assembly history of early-type galaxies from their large radii kinematics
• The SLUGGS survey: Probing the supermassive black hole connection with bulges and haloes using red and blue globular cluster systems
• The globular cluster system in NGC5866: optical observations from HST Advanced Camera for Surveys
• Globular Clusters in High-Redshift Dwarf Galaxies: A Case Study from the Local Group
• The radial distribution of X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in NGC 4649 and their relation with the local stellar mass density
• Star cluster dynamics
• What Are Those Tiny Things? A First Study of Compact Star Clusters in the SMACS0723 Field with JWST
• New Constraints on Early-Type Galaxy Assembly from Spectroscopic Metallicities of Globular Clusters in M87
• Dual Halos and Formation of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Ages and Metallicities of the Globular Clusters in the Sparkler
• DDO216-A1: a central globular cluster in a low-luminosity transition type galaxy
• G2C2 II: Integrated colour-metallicity relations for Galactic Globular Clusters in SDSS passbands
• More Remote Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• The globular cluster system of NGC1316. III. Kinematic complexity
• Stellar Populations in Compact Galaxy Groups: a Multi-Wavelength Study of HCGs 16, 22, and 42, their Star Clusters and Dwarf Galaxies
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• Exploring the Role of Globular Cluster Specific Frequency on the Nova Rates in Three Virgo Elliptical Galaxies
• On the Origin of Mass--Metallicity Relations, Blue Tilts, and Scaling Relations for Metal-poor Globular Cluster Systems
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VIII. Reproducing Color Distributions of Individual Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Mapping Accreted Stars in Early-Type Galaxies Across the Mass-Size Plane
• Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies
• Multicolour-metallicity Relations from Globular Clusters in NGC 4486 (M87)
• Globular Cluster Systems of Spiral and S0 Galaxies: Results from WIYN Imaging of NGC1023, NGC1055, NGC7332 and NGC7339
• Globular cluster systems in fossil groups: NGC6482, NGC1132 and ESO306-017
• Globular Cluster Formation in the Virgo Cluster
• Uncovering the formation of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies by multivariate statistical analysis
• Optimal Integrated Abundances for Chemical Tagging of Extragalactic Globular Clusters
• A New Formation Scenario for the Milky Way Cluster NGC2419
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows I: Nonequillibrium Coolant Formation
• A HST/WFPC2 survey of bright young clusters in M31. I. VdB0, a massive star cluster seen at ~= 25 Myr
• Luminous [O III] and [N II] from Tidally Disrupted Horizontal Branch Stars
• Ongoing hierarchical massive cluster assembly: the LISCA II structure in the Perseus complex
• The globular cluster system of the Auriga simulations
• A VST and VISTA study of globular clusters in NGC253
• The Globular Cluster Populations of Giant Galaxies: Mosaic Imaging of Five Moderate-Luminosity Early-Type Galaxies
• The Proper Motion of Pyxis: the first use of Adaptive Optics in tandem with HST on a faint halo object
• The Globular Cluster Population of NGC 7457: Clues to the Evolution of Field S0 Galaxies
• Search for dark matter signals with Fermi-LAT observation of globular clusters NGC 6388 and M 15
• A prescription and fast code for the long-term evolution of star clusters - II. Unbalanced and core evolution
• Self-consistent simulations of star cluster formation from gas clouds under the influence of galaxy-scale tidal fields
• The Globular Cluster System of NGC 4636 and Formation of Globular Clusters in Giant Elliptical Galaxies
• Kinematic Structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud Globular Cluster System from Gaia eDR3 and Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motions
• Globular Clusters and Streaming Velocities: Testing the new formation channel in high-resolution cosmological simulations
• Constraining the initial conditions of globular clusters using their radius distribution
• Inspection of 19 globular cluster candidates in the Galactic bulge with the VVV survey
• The SLUGGS Survey: The Inner Dark Matter Density Slope of the Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1407
• The Star Cluster Population of the Spiral Galaxy NGC3370
• Low-Mass X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies. II. Globular Cluster Candidates and their Mass-Metallicity Relation
• Intra-cluster Globular Clusters in a Simulated Galaxy Cluster
• Color-Magnitude Relations within Globular Cluster Systems of Giant Elliptical Galaxies: The Effects of Globular Cluster Mass Loss and the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Where Are Most of the Globular Clusters in Today's Universe?
• Age and structure parameters of a remote M31 globular cluster B514 based on HST, 2MASS, GALEX and BATC observations
• Spatial Distribution of Globular Clusters in the Galaxy
• Star Cluster Candidates in M81
• The innermost globular clusters of M87
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of M87's globular clusters: Kinematics extending to ~ 400 kpc
• Optical-NIR analysis of globular clusters in the IKN dwarf spheroidal: a complex star formation history
• Evidence for a chemical enrichment coupling of globular clusters and field stars in the Fornax dSph
• Star Cluster Evolution in Dark Matter Dominated Galaxies
• On the nature of the brightest globular cluster in M81
• Spin Doctors: How to diagnose a hierarchical merger origin
• The orbital evolution of UFDs and GCs in an evolving Galactic potential
• Spatial Structures In the Globular Cluster Distribution of the Ten Brightest Virgo Galaxies
• Tidal disruption of star clusters in galaxy formation simulations
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. V. Nonlinear Absorption-line Index versus Metallicity Relations and Bimodal Index Distributions of M31 Globular Clusters
• The faint globular cluster in the dwarf galaxy Andromeda I
• Newly Identified Star Clusters in M33. III. Structural Parameters
• Footprints in the sand: What can globular clusters tell us about NGC 4753 past?
• Testing Feedback from Star Clusters in Simulations of the Milky Way Formation
• The Two Dimensional Projected Spatial Distribution of Globular Clusters: Method and Application to NGC4261
• A Wide-field Photometric Survey of Globular Clusters in the Peculiar Early-type Galaxy M85
• All Puffed Up: Exploring Ultra-diffuse Galaxy Origins through Galaxy Interactions
• Chandra observations of NGC4342, an optically faint, X-ray gas-rich early-type galaxy
• Hyper Wide Field Imaging of the Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy IC 1613: An Extended Component of Metal-poor Stars
• Chemical abundance anticorrelations in globular cluster stars: The effect on cluster integrated spectra
• A Gemini/GMOS study of the bright elliptical galaxy NGC 3613 and its globular cluster system
• Stellar cluster formation in a Milky Way-sized galaxy at z>4 -- I. The proto-globular cluster population and the imposter amongst us
• The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization
• Understanding the progenitor formation galaxies of merging binary black holes
• The horizontal branch morphology of M31 globular clusters. Extreme second parameter effect in outer halo clusters
• Globular Cluster Scale Sizes in Giant Galaxies: The Case of M87 and the Role of Orbital Anisotropy and Tidal Filling
• Globular Cluster Systems of Relic Galaxies
• Globular cluster metallicity distributions in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Globular Cluster Populations: First Results from S${}^4$G Early-Type Galaxies
• Reconstructing the initial mass function of disc-bulge Galactic globular clusters from N-body simulations
• Old stellar population synthesis: New age and mass estimates for Mayall II = G1
• Supergiants and their shells in young globular clusters
• The colour-magnitude relation of Globular Clusters in Centaurus and Hydra - Constraints on star cluster self-enrichment with a link to massive Milky Way GCs
• Chemical Abundances of Globular Clusters in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• The first gigayear of bulge star formation in Virgo ellipticals: constraints from their globular cluster systems
• The Integrated Calcium II Triplet as a Metallicity Indicator: Comparisons with High Resolution [Fe/H] in M31 Globular Clusters
• On the origin of the metallicity dependence in dynamically formed extragalactic low-mass X-ray binaries
• Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ diagram
• Nonlinear Color--Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VI. On Calcium II Triplet Based Metallicities of Globular Clusters in Early-type Galaxies
• SUBARU Spectroscopy of the Globular Clusters in the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy M86
• WIYN Imaging of the Globular Cluster Systems of the Spiral Galaxies NGC891 and NGC4013
• How tidal erosion has shaped the relation between globular cluster specific frequency and galaxy luminosity
• An HST/WFPC2 survey of bright young clusters in M31. IV. Ages and mass estimates
• Probing the Intermediate-Age Globular Clusters in NGC 5128 from Ultraviolet Observations
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IV. Testing the Nonlinearity Scenario for Color Bimodality via HST/WFC3 u-band Photometry of M84 (NGC 4374)
• The Observational and Theoretical Tidal Radii of Globular Clusters in M87
• Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) Spectra of Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Halo of M87
• Spatially-resolved stellar populations and kinematics with KCWI: probing the assembly history of the massive early-type galaxy NGC 1407
• Mergers of globular clusters in the Galactic disc: intermediate mass black hole coalescence and implications for gravitational waves detection
• On the AGB stars of M 4: A robust disagreement between spectroscopic observations and theory
• Initial Size Distribution of the Galactic Globular Cluster System
• The Size Difference Between Red And Blue Globular Clusters Is NOT Due To Projection Effects
• Revealing the formation mechanism of the shell galaxy NGC474 with MUSE
• Old Massive Globular Clusters and the Stellar Halo of the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 4449
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey IV -- Cold kinematical substructures in the Fornax core from COSTA
• VEGAS-SSS. A VST survey of elliptical galaxies in the southern hemisphere: analysis of small stellar systems. Testing the methodology on the globular cluster system in NGC3115
• Galactic orbital motions of star clusters: static versus semicosmological time-dependent Galactic potentials
• Colour-colour diagrams and extragalactic globular cluster ages. Systematic uncertainties using the (V-K)-(V-I) diagram
• The influence of globular cluster evolution on the specific frequency in dwarf galaxies
• Formation of the Galactic globular clusters with He-rich stars in low-mass halos virialized at high redshift
• Origin of rotational kinematics in the globular cluster system of M31: A new clue to the bulge formation
• Spatially-Resolved Medium Resolution Spectroscopy of an Interacting E+A (post-starburst) System with the Subaru telescope
• Cosmic Strings and the Origin of Globular Clusters
• Globular Cluster Systems of Massive Compact Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe: Evidence for Relic Red Nuggets?
• The Massive M31 Cluster G1: Detailed Chemical Abundances from Integrated Light Spectroscopy
• The SLUGGS survey: chromo-dynamical modelling of the lenticular galaxy NGC 1023
• Young Massive Clusters: Their Population Properties, Formation and Evolution, and Their Relation to the Ancient Globular Clusters
• Young Globular Clusters in an old S0: Clues to the Formation History of NGC 4570
• An Unexplained Origin for the Unusual Globular Cluster System in the Ultra-diffuse Galaxy FCC 224
• Astrophysics in 2006
• Dynamical evolution of Milky Way globular clusters on the cosmological timescale I. Mass loss and interaction with the nuclear star cluster
• The Globular Cluster System of the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4636: I. Subaru/FOCAS Spectroscopy and Database
• G2C2-III: Structural parameters for Galactic globular clusters in SDSS passbands
• Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• The old globular cluster system of NGC 4365: new VLT/FORS2 spectra
• G2C2 I: Homogeneous SDSS photometry for Galactic GCs
• A Trail of the Invisible: Blue Globular Clusters Trace the Radial Density Distribution of the Dark Matter -- Case Study of NGC 4278
• VEGAS-SSS: Tracing Globular Cluster Populations in the Interacting NGC3640 Galaxy Group
• MOCCA Survey Database: Extra Galactic Globular Clusters. I. Method and first results
• Testing the tidal stripping scenario of ultra-compact dwarf galaxy formation by using internal properties
• X-ray Clusters of Galaxies as Cosmological Tools
• The large-scale structure of globular clusters in the NGC 1052 group
• Galaxy archaeology for wet mergers: Globular cluster age distributions in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies
• The Disturbed and Globular Cluster-Rich Ultra-diffuse Galaxy UGC 9050-Dw1
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of diffuse stellar structures and globular clusters as probes of the mass assembly of galaxies in the Dorado group
• Field/Isolated lenticular galaxies with high $S_N$ values: the case of NGC 4546 and its globular cluster system
• Astroinformatics based search for globular clusters in the Fornax Deep Survey
• Damp Mergers: Recent Gaseous Mergers without Significant Globular Cluster Formation?
• The globular cluster system of the nearest Seyfert II galaxy Circinus
• Detection of the Stellar Intracluster Medium in Perseus (Abell 426)
• High resolution imaging of the early-type galaxy NGC 1380: an insight into the nature of extended extragalactic star clusters
• The specific frequency and the globular cluster formation efficiency in Milgromian dynamics
• Dating the tidal disruption of globular clusters with Gaia data on their stellar streams
• The steep redshift evolution of the hierarchical binary black hole merger rate may cause the $z$-${\chi }_{\mathrm{eff}}$ correlation
• The physics governing the upper truncation mass of the globular cluster mass function
• New Velocity Measurements of NGC 5128 Globular Clusters out to 130 kpc: Outer Halo Kinematics, Substructure and Dynamics
• Isothermal distributions in MONDian gravity as a simple unifying explanation for the ubiquitous $\rho \propto r^{-3}$ density profiles in tenuous stellar halos
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• Measuring distances to galaxies with globular cluster velocity dispersions
• Comparing Mid-Infrared Globular Cluster Colors With Population Synthesis Models
• Globular Cluster Populations: Results Including S${}^4$G Late-Type Galaxies
• Globular Cluster Scale Sizes in Giant Galaxies: Orbital Anisotropy and Tidally Under-filling Clusters in M87, NGC 1399, and NGC 5128
• J-PLUS: A catalogue of globular cluster candidates around the M81/M82/NGC3077 triplet of galaxies
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• From Giant H II regions and H II galaxies to globular clusters and compact dwarf ellipticals
• On the precision of full-spectrum fitting of simple stellar populations. II. The dependence on star cluster mass in the wavelength range 0.3-5.0 $\mu$m
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows III: Observability and Connection to Halo Globular Clusters
• MOCCA-Survey Database: Extra Galactic Globular Clusters. II. Milky Way and Andromeda
• On the offset of Short Gamma-ray Bursts
• Globular cluster ages and their relation to high-redshift stellar cluster formation times from different globular cluster models
• Beyond the Brim of the Hat: Kinematics of Globular Clusters out to Large Radius in the Sombrero Galaxy
• Imprint of the galactic acceleration scale on globular cluster systems
• Spectroscopic analysis of the bulge Globular Cluster ESO~456-SC38
• Chemical evolution of star clusters
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• Growing a nuclear star cluster from star formation and cluster mergers: The JWST NIRSpec view of NGC 4654
• On the Origin of the Kinematical Differences Between the Stellar Halo and the Old Globular Cluster System in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Supra-galactic Conundrum: The Globular Clusters Colour Pattern in Virgo Galaxies
• Accessing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 728 Globular Star Clusters in NGC\,4472
• Multivariate analysis of the globular clusters in M87
• Revisiting the globular clusters of NGC1052-DF2
• Kinematic imprint of clumpy disk formation on halo objects
• Fresh Insights on the Kinematics of M49's Globular Cluster System with MMT/Hectospec Spectroscopy
• Substructure in the Globular Cluster Populations of the Virgo Cluster Elliptical Galaxies M84 and M86
• Spatial Structures in the Globular Cluster Distribution of Fornax Cluster Galaxies
• Supra-galactic Colour Patterns in Globular Cluster Systems
• Star Clusters in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4589 Hosting a Calcium-rich SN Ib (SN 2005CZ)
• Evaluating the feasibility of interpretable machine learning for globular cluster detection
• Shadows of the Colossus: Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in a 10-million-body Globular Cluster Simulation
• A Glimpse into the Past: The Recent Evolution of Globular Clusters
• A study of globular clusters in a lenticular galaxy in Hydra I from deep HST/ACS photometry
• Tracing the Giant Outer Halo of the Mysterious Massive Disk Galaxy M104 I. Photometry of the Extended Globular Cluster Systems
• Searching for globular clusters in the inner halo of the Circinus galaxy
• A Closer Look at an Unusual Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy
• J-PLUS: Detecting and studying extragalactic globular clusters -- the case of NGC 1023
• The Spatial Distributions of Red and Blue Globular Clusters in Major Dry Merger Remnants
• The emergence of globular clusters and globular-cluster-like dwarfs
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• Using the Agile software development lifecycle to develop a standalone application for generating colour magnitude diagrams
• Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS): Exploring the nature of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Hydra-I cluster IV. A study of the Globular Cluster population in four UDGs
• Shapes of dark matter haloes with discrete globular cluster dynamics: The example of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IX. Different Radial Number Density Profiles between Blue and Red Clusters
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• Non-resonant relaxation of anisotropic globular clusters
• Metal Abundance Properties of M81 Globular Cluster System
• Dynamical Simulations of the First Globular Clusters
• The Color Gradients of the Globular Cluster Systems in M87 and M49
• Detecting metal-rich intermediate-age Globular Clusters in NGC 4570 using K-band photometry
• Evolution of binaries with compact objects in globular clusters
• Structural Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• On the primordial specific frequency of globular clusters in dwarf and giant elliptical galaxies
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• Star Clusters in Pseudo-Bulges of Spiral Galaxies
• The Ancient Globular Clusters of NGC 1291
• VEGAS-SSS: An intra-group component in the globular cluster system of NGC 5018 group of galaxies using VST data
• Bayesian Inference of Globular Cluster Properties Using Distribution Functions
• Influence of irradiation-driven winds on the evolution of intermediate-mass black hole X-ray binaries
• Globular clusters as indicators of Galactic evolution
• Globular cluster population of the HST frontier fields galaxy J07173724+3744224
• The X-ray Point Source Population Hosted by Globular Clusters in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4261
• Formation and evolution of globular clusters in cosmological simulations
• Globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies - do we understand them?
• Hidden Figures of Globular Clusters: Integrated Stellar Populations Impacted by Hot Subdwarfs
• Properties of Globular Clusters in Galaxy Clusters: Sensitivity from the Formation and Evolution of Globular Clusters
• Slow Cooling in Low Metallicity Clouds: An Origin of Globular Cluster Bimodality?
• Cosmic wallflowers: the circumgalactic origins of isolated ultra-compact star clusters at $z>7$
• A disk and no signatures of tidal distortion in the galaxy "lacking" dark matter NGC 1052-DF2
• On the origin of globular cluster bimodality
• Effect of dynamical interactions on integrated properties of globular clusters
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The star cluster systems of the Local Group dwarf galaxies IC 10 and NGC 6822
• The Multiplicity of Main Sequence Turnoffs in Globular Clusters
• The galactic acceleration scale is imprinted on globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies of most masses and on red and blue globular cluster subpopulations
• Chemo-dynamical reconstruction of Milky Way globular cluster progenitors: Age-metallicity relations and the universality of multiple stellar populations
• An optical/near-infrared survey of GCs in early-type galaxies
• Intracluster globular clusters as tracers of the mass assembly of the Hydra I galaxy cluster
• New Way to Date Globular Clusters: Brown Dwarf Cooling Sequences
• Metal Abundance and Kinematical Properties of M81 Globular Cluster System
• Prospects for Revealing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in NGC 1399 using SKA
• Low-luminosity galaxies in the early universe have observed sizes similar to star cluster complexes
• The origin of metal-poor and metal-rich globular clusters in E-MOSAICS
• Compact [OIII] emission-line regions ("Green Seeds") in $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ emitters at Cosmic Noon from JWST Observations
• Where is Population II?
• Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020
• A song of interactions and mergers: The case of NGC 4709
• Estimating galaxy masses from kinematics of globular cluster systems: a new method based on deep learning
• Differences between the globular cluster systems of the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Distinguishing Dark Matter Cusps from Cores using Globular Clusters
• MOCCA survey database I: preliminary mock Extra Galactic Globular Cluster observations
• Sustained formation of progenitor globular clusters in a giant elliptical galaxy
• The Escape of Globular Clusters from the Satellite Dwarf Galaxies of the Milky Way
• The Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS).VIII. A Support Vector Machine Approach for Disentangling Globular Clusters from other Sources
• 58 Radio Sources Near Bright Natural Guide Stars
• Evidence for the First Globular Cluster Stellar Stream beyond the Milky Way
• The star cluster system of the luminous elliptical galaxy NGC 1600
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. XI. Nonlinearity Effect Revealed by NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) and NGC 4594 (Sombrero) Galaxies
• Wandering globular clusters: the first dwarf galaxies in the universe?
• Evidence for Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Formation Through Tidal Heating of Normal Dwarfs
• Galaxies as fluctuations in cosmic stellar liquid
• Tidal stripping as a mechanism for placing globular clusters on wide orbits: the case of MGC1 in M31
• Evidence for Environmental Stripping in the Coma Cluster