The Ages of 55 Globular Clusters as Determined Using an Improved delta V_TO^HB Method Along with Color-Magnitude Diagram Constraints, and Their Implications for Broader Issues

Abstract

Ages have been derived for 55 globular clusters (GCs) from overlays of isochrones onto the turnoff photometry, assuming distances based on fits of zero-age horizontal branch (ZAHB) models to the lower bound of the observed distributions of HB stars. The error bar arising just from the "fitting" of ZAHBs and isochrones is ~ +/- 0.25 Gyr, while that associated with distance and chemical abundance uncertainties is ~ +/- 1.5-2 Gyr. Ages vary from mean values of ~12.5 Gyr at [Fe/H] < -1.7 to ~11 Gyr at [Fe/H] > -1.0. At intermediate metallicities, the age-metallicity relation (AMR) appears to be bifurcated: one branch apparently contains clusters with disk-like kinematics, whereas the other branch is populated by clusters with halo-type orbits. There is no apparent dependence of age on Galactocentric distance (R_G) nor is there a clear correlation of HB type with age. Subtle variations in the subgiant branch (SGB) slopes of [Fe/H] < -1.5 GCs are tentatively attributed to helium abundance differences. Curiously, GCs with steep "M13-like" SGBs tend to be massive systems, located at small R_G, that show the strongest evidence for multiple stellar populations. The others are typically low-mass systems that, at the present time, should not be able to retain the matter lost by mass-losing stars. The apparent separation of the two groups in terms of their present-day gas retention properties is difficult to understand if all GCs were initial ~20 times their current masses. The lowest mass systems may have never been able to retain enough gas to produce a significant population of second-generation stars; in this case, the observed light element abundance variations were presumably present in the gas out of which the observed cluster stars formed.

Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (tentatively for volume 775): 124 page preprint with 40 figures

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• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars IV. Initial helium content and white-dwarf properties
• Infrared photometry and CaT spectroscopy of globular cluster M 28 (NGC 6626)
• Spectroscopic analysis of the bulge Globular Cluster ESO~456-SC38
• Scale-invariant dynamics in the Solar System
• Globular cluster ages and their relation to high-redshift stellar cluster formation times from different globular cluster models
• Carbon Isotope Ratios in M10 Giants
• Models for Metal-Poor Stars with Different Initial Abundances of C, N, O, Mg, and Si. III. Grids of Isochrones for $-2.5\le$ [Fe/H] $\le -0.5$ and Helium Abundances $Y=0.25$ and $0.29$ at Each Metallicity
• Millisecond Pulsars in Dense Star Clusters: Evolution, Scaling Relations, and the Galactic-Center Gamma-ray Excess
• Spectroscopic Observations of Obscured Populations in the Inner Galaxy: 2MASS-GC02, Terzan 4, and the 200 km/s stellar peak
• Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry of the Metal-Poor Visual Binary $\mu$ Cassiopeiae: Dynamical Masses, Helium Content, and Age
• On the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in clusters: insights from HST and JWST
• New stellar age estimates using SPInS based on Gaia DR3 photometry and LAMOST DR8 abundances
• Suppression of globular cluster formation in metal-poor gas clouds by Lyman-alpha radiation feedback
• Major Mergers Mean Major Offset: Drivers of Intrinsic Scatter in The $M_{GCS}-M_h$ Scaling Relation for Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• To Grow Old and Peculiar: A Survey of Anomalous Variable Stars in M80 and Age Determination using K2 and Gaia
• Inferring the Helium abundance of extragalactic Globular Clusters using Integrated Spectra
• A hot horizontal branch star with a close K-type main-sequence companion
• Analysis of integrated-light spectra of Galactic globular clusters
• Stellar photometry with Multi Conjugate Adaptive Optics
• The effects of individual metal contents on isochrones for C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, and Fe
• Rotational velocities of Blue Straggler Stars in the Globular Cluster M55
• Neutron-Capture Element Signatures in Globular Clusters: Insights from the Gaia-ESO Survey
• Does radiative feedback make faint z>6 galaxies look small?
• Photometric Detection of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters Using Integrated Light
• Effect of Binary Fraction on Horizontal Branch Morphology under Tidally Enhanced Stellar Wind
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• Measuring Resolved Star Formation Histories from High-Precision Color-Magnitude Diagrams with StarFormationHistories.jl
• Using the Agile software development lifecycle to develop a standalone application for generating colour magnitude diagrams
• NGC 1851A: Revealing an ongoing three-body encounter in a dense globular cluster
• A search for long period variables in Globular Clusters: M22 and IC4499
• Study of UV bright stellar populations in the globular cluster NGC 1261 using AstroSat
• The bulge globular cluster Terzan 6 as seen from multi-conjugate adaptive optics and HST
• The GeMS/GSAOI Galactic Globular Cluster Survey (G4CS) II: Characterization of 47 Tuc with Bayesian Statistics
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of the Segue 3 Cluster
• Dynamical Simulations of the First Globular Clusters
• Uncertainties in asteroseismic grid-based estimates of the ages of halo stars
• MAISTEP -- a new grid-based machine learning tool for inferring stellar parameters I. Ages of giant-planet host stars
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey VII. First detailed chemical analysis of NGC 6316
• Direct N-body simulations of NGC 6397 and its tidal tails
• On the relationship between metallicity distributions of globular clusters and of circumgalactic gas
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in Globular Clusters
• Probing populations of dark stellar remnants in the globular clusters 47 Tuc and Terzan 5 using pulsar timing
• Testing the sources of the peculiar abundances in globular clusters
• Role of host galaxy in the formation of multiple stellar populations: Analysis of NGC 1786 and NGC 1898
• Galactic or extragalactic chemical tagging for NGC3201? Discovery of an anomalous CN-CH relation
• Inconsistent metallicity spreads in first generation stars of globular clusters from high resolution spectroscopy and HST photometry
• Inconsistency of Chemical Properties of Stellar Populations in the Thick Disk Subsystem of Our Galaxy
• Time to Sparkler. Accurate ages of lensed globular clusters at $z=1.4$ with JWST photometry
• Build-up and survival of the disc: From numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way
• A Careful Reassessment of Globular Cluster Multiple Population Radial Distributions with Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Johnson-Cousins Broadband Photometry
• Not all nitrogen-rich field stars originate from globular clusters
• Fast Rotating Blue Straggler Stars in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• Illuminating Hidden Pulsars: Scintillation-Enhanced Discovery of Two Binary Millisecond Pulsars in M13 with FAST
• Formation of A Nuclear Star Cluster Through A Merger Event In The Low Surface Brightness Galaxy AGC 223218
• Spectroscopy of globular clusters in the dwarf spheroidal galaxy IKN
• Exploration about the origin of galactic and extragalactic star clusters through simulated H-R diagrams
• Predicting Images for the Dynamics Of stellar Clusters (π-DOC): a deep learning framework to predict mass, distance and age of globular clusters
• Physical and Chemical Properties of Galactic Global Clusters with Various Origins Identified from the Gaia DR2 Data
• New Way to Date Globular Clusters: Brown Dwarf Cooling Sequences
• Gravitational Microlensing Rates in Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Self-similar orbit-averaged Fokker-Planck equation for isotropic spherical dense clusters (iii) application of pre-collapse solution to Galactic globular clusters
• Merger rates of intermediate-mass black hole binaries in nuclear star clusters
• Medium resolution spectroscopy and chemical composition of Galactic globular clusters
• The Role of High-mass Stellar Binaries in the Formation of High-mass Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters
• Revealing the stellar population of the ultra-obscured Galactic globular cluster Glimpse-C02
• Constraining the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in globular clusters
• Nature and nurture: the dynamical ages of in situ and accreted globular clusters in the Milky Way
• Relative evolution of eclipsing binaries: A tool to measure globular cluster ages and He abundances
• Globular clusters of the Gaia Enceladus/Sausage -- I. Orbital and dynamical evolution on cosmological timescales
• Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6