Globular clusters of the Gaia Enceladus/Sausage -- I. Orbital and dynamical evolution on cosmological timescales

Abstract

We investigated Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage globular cluster samples and studied their orbital and dynamical evolution over cosmological timescales in external time-variable potential. We estimated the limits of distribution of the escaped stars from the globular clusters' orbital evolution in energy angular momentum space. To reconstruct the orbital evolution of the known globular clusters of the dwarf galaxy Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage, we used the parallel $N$-body code $\phi$-GPU. We investigated the relationship between globular clusters and their progenitor by analysing their orbital parameters and phase-space distribution during 9 Gyr of evolution in the past. We created a $N$-body model of Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage globular clusters and analysed their dynamical evolution and distribution of the escaped stars today. We summarised the samples of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage globular clusters and created two main categories: `most probable' and `tentative', with 15 and 9 clusters, respectively. We analysed the evolution of their kinematic, orbital, and phase-space parameters in the external time-variable potential. We defined phase-space distribution limits of stars that escape from globular clusters during 9 Gyr of evolution: a specific energy from -18 to -12.2 $\times 10^4$ km${}^2$ s${}^{-2}$, L${}_{\mathrm{z}}$ from -0.98 to 0.72 $\times 10^3$ kpc km s${}^{-1}$, and L${}_{\mathrm{perp}}$ from 0 to 1.8 $\times 10^3$ kpc km s${}^{-1}$. The limits of the GE/S debris in Galactic area based on orbital parameters of the GC's escaped stars are: for apocentre and pericetre distances of 10--28 and 1--4 kpc, < 18 kpc in Galactocentric radius and < |15| kpc in the Z direction. Generally we compared the phase-space distribution of escaped stars from the GCs GE/S debris energy-angular momentum limits with the observed very metal-poor stars, which belong to the GE/S itself and produce consistent results.

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