Galactic Archaeology with Gaia

Abstract

The Gaia mission has revolutionized our view of the Milky Way and its satellite citizens. The field of Galactic Archaeology has been piecing together the formation and evolution of the Galaxy for decades, and we have made great strides, with often limited data, towards discovering and characterizing the subcomponents of the Galaxy and its building blocks. Now, the exquisite 6D phase-space plus chemical information from Gaia and its complementary spectroscopic surveys has handed us a plethora of data to pour over as we move towards a quantitative rather than qualitative view of the Galaxy and its progenitors. We review the state of the field in the post-Gaia era, and examine the key lessons that will dictate the future direction of Galactic halo research.

arXiv commentAccepted Review article for New Astronomy Reviews (as part of a Special Issue: "Gaia, the first crop of discoveries")

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• The Milky Way has no in-situ halo other than the heated thick disc. Composition of the stellar halo and age-dating the last significant merger with Gaia DR2 and APOGEE
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• Chemical Abundance Distributions of Galactic Halos and their Satellite Systems in a Lambda CDM Universe
• The Galaxy and its stellar halo: insights on their formation from a hybrid cosmological approach
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• Inflow, Outflow, Yields, and Stellar Population Mixing in Chemical Evolution Models
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• Reverse engineering the Milky Way
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• Robust Data-driven Metallicities for 175 Million Stars from Gaia XP Spectra
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• Apocenter Pile-Up: Origin of the Stellar Halo Density Break
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• The origin of galactic metal-rich stellar halo components with highly eccentric orbits
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• Globular Clusters in 19 Northern Abell Clusters
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• The radial profile and flattening of the Milky Way's stellar halo to $80$kpc from the SEGUE K-giant Survey
• Sausage & Mash: The dual origin of the Galactic thick disc and halo from the gas-rich Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage merger
• Quantifying the impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the structure of the Milky Way's dark matter halo using Basis Function Expansions
• The Lazy Giants: APOGEE Abundances Reveal Low Star Formation Efficiencies in the Magellanic Clouds
• The Poor Old Heart of the Milky Way
• STREAMFINDER I: A New Algorithm for detecting Stellar Streams
• A box full of chocolates: The rich structure of the nearby stellar halo revealed by Gaia and RAVE
• Tracing the formation of the Milky Way through ultra metal-poor stars
• All-Sky Dynamical Response of the Galactic Halo to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Halo Substructure in the SDSS-Gaia Catalogue : Streams and Clumps
• Deep imaging of Eridanus II and its lone star cluster
• Resolving the Metallicity Distribution of the Stellar Halo with the H3 Survey
• The SkyMapper-Gaia RVS view of the Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage -- an investigation of the metallicity and mass of the Milky Way's last major merger
• Widespread star formation inside galactic outflows
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• Timing the Early Assembly of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey
• The Milky Way Halo in Action Space
• Equilibrium and Sudden Events in Chemical Evolution
• Satellites of LMC-Mass Dwarfs: Close Friendships Ruined by Milky Way Mass Halos
• On the kinematic detection of accreted streams in the Gaia era: a cautionary tale
• The role of binaries in the enrichment of the early Galactic halo. II. Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars - CEMP-no stars
• Galactic seismology: the evolving "phase spiral" after the Sagittarius dwarf impact
• Satellites of Simulated Galaxies: survival, merging, and their relation to the dark and stellar halos
• Chemical Enrichment and Radial Migration in the Galactic Disk -- the origin of the [$\alpha /\mathrm{Fe}]$ Double Sequence
• Detection of the Milky Way reflex motion due to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall
• Weighing the stellar constituents of the Galactic halo with APOGEE red giant stars
• Inferred Evidence For Dark Matter Kinematic Substructure with SDSS-Gaia
• The Eating Habits of Milky Way Mass Halos: Destroyed Dwarf Satellites and the Metallicity Distribution of Accreted Stars
• Chemo-kinematics of the $Gaia$ RR Lyrae: the halo and the disc
• The Dual Origin of Stellar Halos II: Chemical Abundances as Tracers of Formation History
• Halo Star Streams in the Solar Neighborhood
• The Gravitational Force Field of the Galaxy Measured From the Kinematics of RR Lyrae in Gaia
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• Selecting accreted populations: metallicity, elemental abundances, and ages of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus and Sequoia populations
• A re-interpretation of the Triangulum-Andromeda stellar clouds: a population of halo stars kicked out of the Galactic disk
• The Chemical Compositions of Accreted and {\it in situ} Galactic Globular Clusters According to SDSS/APOGEE
• On the identification of merger debris in the {\it Gaia} Era
• Formation and Incidence of Shell Galaxies in the Illustris Simulation
• The Halo's Ancient Metal-Rich Progenitor Revealed with BHB Stars
• Tidal debris morphology and the orbits of satellite galaxies
• Detection of the LMC-induced sloshing of the Galactic halo
• The GALAH survey and Gaia DR2: Linking ridges, arches and vertical waves in the kinematics of the Milky Way
• A Tail of Two Populations: Chemo-dynamics of the Sagittarius Stream and Implications for its Original Mass
• Insight Into the Formation of the Milky Way Through Cold Halo Substructure. I. The ECHOS of Milky Way Formation
• Rotation of Halo Populations in the Milky Way and M31
• The Orbit and Mass of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
• Hot Stuff for One Year (HSOY) - A 583 million star proper motion catalogue derived from Gaia DR1 and PPMXL
• Early evolution of the Galactic halo revealed from Hipparcos observations of metal-poor stars
• Two Disk Components from a Gas Rich Disk-Disk Merger
• Weak Galactic halo--dwarf spheroidal connection from RR Lyrae stars
• The GALAH Survey: Chemical tagging and chrono-chemodynamics of accreted halo stars with GALAH+ DR3 and $Gaia$ eDR3
• Disassembling the Galaxy with angle-action coordinates
• Reconstructing the Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy $Gaia$-Sausage/Enceladus Using its Stars and Globular Clusters
• Fashionably Late? Building up the Milky Way's Inner Halo
• On the nature of the ring-like structure in the outer Galactic disk
• The oldest and most metal poor stars in the APOSTLE Local Group simulations
• Elevated r-process enrichment in Gaia Sausage and Sequoia
• Kinematics of Highly R-Process-Enhanced Field Stars: Evidence for an Accretion Origin and Detection of Several Groups from Disrupted Satellites
• Halo streams in the 7th SDSS data release
• The first all-sky view of the Milky Way stellar halo with Gaia+2MASS RR Lyrae
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) I: Tracing the kinematics of metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge
• Identifying stellar streams in the 1st RAVE public data release
• The cumulative mass profile of the Milky Way as determined by globular cluster kinematics from Gaia DR2
• Galactic Halo Stars in Phase Space :A Hint of Satellite Accretion?
• The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
• The slight spin of the old stellar halo
• Clues to the "Magellanic Galaxy" from Cosmological Simulations
• Binarity among CEMP-no stars: an indication of multiple formation pathways?
• VINTERGATAN II: the history of the Milky Way told by its mergers
• Signatures of minor mergers in the Milky Way disc I: The SEGUE stellar sample
• The Gaia DR3 view of dynamical substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun
• Chemo-dynamics of outer halo dwarf stars, including \textit{Gaia}-Sausage and \textit{Gaia}-Sequoia candidates
• A tale of two populations: surviving and destroyed dwarf galaxies and the build up of the Milky Way's stellar halo
• Fine structure in the phase space distribution of nearby subdwarfs
• $R$-process enhancements of Gaia-Enceladus in GALAH DR3
• GASTRO library I: the simulated chemodynamical properties of several GSE-like stellar halos
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• Dark Shards: velocity substructure from Gaia and direct searches for dark matter
• A massive mess: When a large dwarf and a Milky Way-like galaxy merge
• Predicted Extension of the Sagittarius Stream to the Milky Way Virial Radius
• Nitrogen enrichment and clustered star formation at the dawn of the Galaxy
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• Evidence from Disrupted Halo Dwarfs that $r$-process Enrichment via Neutron Star Mergers is Delayed by $\gtrsim 500$ Myrs
• Reviving old controversies: is the early Galaxy flat or round? Investigations into the early phases of the Milky Way formation through stellar kinematics and chemical abundances
• Dynamically Tagged Groups of Very Metal-poor Halo Stars from the HK and Hamburg/ESO Surveys
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• The metal-poor Knee in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Common origin for Hercules-Aquila and Virgo Clouds in Gaia DR2
• Action-space clustering of tidal streams to infer the Galactic potential
• The Alpha-element knee of the Sagittarius Stream
• The imprint of cosmic reionisation on the luminosity function of galaxies
• The Pisces Plume and the Magellanic Wake
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• Disentangling the Galactic Halo with APOGEE: II. Chemical and Star Formation Histories for the Two Distinct Populations
• An all-sky proper motion map of the Sagittarius stream using Gaia DR2
• The Stellar Halo of the Galaxy is Tilted & Doubly Broken
• Genetically modified halos: towards controlled experiments in $\Lambda$CDM galaxy formation
• Exploring the origin of low-metallicity stars in Milky Way-like galaxies with the NIHAO-UHD simulations
• Multiple phase spirals suggest multiple origins in Gaia DR3
• VINTERGATAN III: how to reset the metallicity of the Milky Way
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• Merger-induced galaxy transformations in the ARTEMIS simulations
• Quantifying the Stellar Halo's Response to the LMC's Infall with Spherical Harmonics
• The Velocity Anisotropy of Distant Milky Way Halo Stars from Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motions
• A stellar stream remnant of a globular cluster below the metallicity floor
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• Full 5D characterisation of the Sagittarius stream with Gaia DR2 RR Lyrae
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) II: Uncovering the most metal-poor populations in the inner Milky Way
• Chasing the impact of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger on the formation of the Milky Way thick disc
• The Splash without a merger
• Mapping the Galactic Halo III. Simulated Observations of Tidal Streams
• Chemo-dynamical properties of the Anticenter Stream: a surviving disc fossil from a past satellite interaction
• The Clouds are breaking: tracing the Magellanic system with Gaia DR1 Mira variables
• Identifying Stellar Streams in Gaia DR2 with Data Mining Techniques
• Disk settling and dynamical heating: histories of Milky Way-mass stellar disks across cosmic time in the FIRE simulations
• A Gaia-PS1-SDSS (GPS1) Proper Motion Catalog Covering 3/4 of the Sky
• Stellar halo substructure generated by bar resonances
• The little things matter: relating the abundance of ultrafaint satellites to the hosts' assembly history
• A "Light," Centrally-Concentrated Milky Way Halo?
• The origin and fate of the Gaia phase-space snail
• Unmixing the Galactic Halo with RR Lyrae tagging
• Substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun. I. Data-driven clustering in Integrals of Motion space
• Substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun. II. Characterisation of independent structures
• The distribution of globular clusters in kinematic spaces does not trace the accretion history of the host galaxy
• The COMBS Survey -- II. Distinguishing the Metal-Poor Bulge from the Halo Interlopers
• Energy wrinkles and phase-space folds of the last major merger
• A Disk Origin for the Monoceros Ring and A13 Stellar Overdensities
• The fall of the Northern Unicorn: Tangential motions in the Galactic Anti-centre with SDSS and Gaia
• A Tilted Dark Halo Origin of the Galactic Disk Warp and Flare
• The Pristine survey -- XVI. The metallicity of 26 stellar streams around the Milky Way detected with the STREAMFINDER in Gaia EDR3
• Strong RR Lyrae excess in the Hercules-Aquila Cloud
• A Halo Expansion (HEX) Technique for Approximating Simulated Dark Matter Haloes
• Connecting the Milky Way potential profile to the orbital timescales and spatial structure of the Sagittarius Stream
• Mapping Substructures in Dark Matter Halos
• The SEGUE K Giant Survey. III. Quantifying Galactic Halo Substructure
• The aftermath of the Great Collision between our Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Chasing Accreted Structures within Gaia DR2 using Deep Learning
• The detailed chemical abundance patterns of accreted halo stars from the optical to infrared
• Detection of satellite remnants in the Galactic Halo with Gaia - I. The effect of the Galactic background, observational errors and sampling
• Quadratic genetic modifications: a streamlined route to cosmological simulations with controlled merger history
• Insight Into the Formation of the Milky Way Through Cold Halo Substructure. III. Statistical Chemical Tagging in the Smooth Halo
• Chemical Analysis of the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy Grus~II. Signature of high-mass stellar nucleosynthesis
• How Unusual is the Milky Way's Assembly History?
• Evidence for sub-Chandrasekhar Type Ia supernovae from the last major merger
• The Local Stellar Halo is Not Dominated by a Single Radial Merger Event
• Formation of Galactic Disks I: Why Did the Milky Way's Disk Form Unusually Early?
• Age-Dating Red Giant Stars Associated with Galactic Disk and Halo Substructures
• EXP: N-body integration using basis function expansions
• Distant Echoes of the Milky Way's Last Major Merger
• Chemo-Dynamically Tagged Groups of CEMP Stars in the Halo of the Milky Way. I. Untangling the Origins of CEMP-$s$ and CEMP-no Stars
• VINTERGATAN-GM: The cosmological imprints of early mergers on Milky-Way-mass galaxies
• Reading the CARDs: the Imprint of Accretion History in the Chemical Abundances of the Milky Way's Stellar Halo
• Rotational signature of the Milky Way stellar halo
• Isotropic at the Break? 3D Kinematics of Milky Way Halo Stars in the Foreground of M31
• Cosmological insights into the assembly of the radial and compact stellar halo of the Milky Way
• Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor star candidates from BP/RP Spectra in $Gaia$ DR3
• Snails Across Scales: Local and Global Phase-Mixing Structures as Probes of the Past and Future Milky Way
• The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations I. The in-situ component and the effect of mergers
• A Swing of the Pendulum: The Chemodynamics of the Local Stellar Halo Indicate Contributions from Several Radial Merger Events
• The Unmixed Debris of Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus in the Form of a Pair of Halo Stellar Overdensities
• The observable properties of galaxy accretion events in Milky Way-like galaxies in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
• The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations II. The accreted component
• Disentangling the Virgo Overdensity with RR Lyrae stars
• Models of Distorted and Evolving Dark Matter Halos
• Exploring the diversity and similarity of radially anisotropic Milky Way-like stellar haloes: implications for disrupted dwarf galaxy searches
• The Pristine survey -- XVII. The C-19 stream is dynamically hot and more extended than previously thought
• New Signatures of the Milky Way Formation in the Local Halo and Inner Halo Streamers in the Era of Gaia
• Information content of BP/RP spectra in Gaia DR3
• Taking the Milky Way for a spin: disc formation in the ARTEMIS simulations
• Detection of satellite remnants in the Galactic Halo with Gaia III. Detection limits for Ultra Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• Spatial and Velocity clumping in an SDSS blue horizontal branch star catalogue
• A Halo Substructure in Gaia Data Release 1
• A new set of chisels for Galactic archaeology: Sc, V and Zn as taggers of accreted globular clusters
• Dynamics of Stellar Disk Tilting from Satellite Mergers
• Investigating the $M_{GCS}-M_h$ Relation in the Most Massive Galaxies
• Using Action Space Clustering to Constrain the Accretion History of Milky Way like Galaxies
• Galaxy assembly revealed by globular clusters
• Unravelling the mass spectrum of destroyed dwarf galaxies with the metallicity distribution function
• Hidden deep in the halo: selection of a reduced proper motion halo catalogue and mining retrograde streams in the velocity space
• A Blueprint for the Milky Way's Stellar Populations. IV. A String of Pearls $-$ the Galactic Starburst Sequence
• Peeking beneath the precision floor -- II. Probing the chemo-dynamical histories of the potential globular cluster siblings, NGC 288 and NGC 362
• Observing EAGLE galaxies with JWST: predictions for Milky Way progenitors and their building blocks
• Stellar halo striations from assumptions of axisymmetry

Cited by in corpus (29)

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• Quantifying the Milky Way, LMC and their interaction using all-sky kinematics of outer halo stars
• GSE vs. LMC: reshaping of radially biased stellar haloes by satellites
• SF-R You Sure? The Conflicting Role of Star Formation Rates in Constraining the Evolution of Milky Way Analogues in Cosmological Simulations
• Globular clusters of the Gaia Enceladus/Sausage -- I. Orbital and dynamical evolution on cosmological timescales
• How to Build an Empirical Speed Distribution for Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• Constraining the population of dark matter halo shapes using hierarchical inference with extragalactic stellar streams
• Searching for and characterizing halo substructures with the GALAH DR4 survey