Mean proper motions, space orbits and velocity dispersion profiles of Galactic globular clusters derived from Gaia DR2 data

Abstract

We have derived the mean proper motions and space velocities of 154 Galactic globular clusters and the velocity dispersion profiles of 141 globular clusters based on a combination of Gaia DR2 proper motions with ground-based line-of-sight velocities. Combining the velocity dispersion profiles derived here with new measurements of the internal mass functions allows us to model the internal kinematics of 144 clusters, more than 90% of the currently known Galactic globular cluster population. We also derive the initial cluster masses by calculating the cluster orbits backwards in time applying suitable recipes to account for mass loss and dynamical friction. We find a correlation between the stellar mass function of a globular cluster and the amount of mass lost from the cluster, pointing to dynamical evolution as one of the mechanisms shaping the mass function of stars in clusters. The mass functions also show strong evidence that globular clusters started with a bottom-light initial mass function. Our simulations show that the currently surviving globular cluster population has lost about 80% of its mass since the time of formation. If globular clusters started from a log-normal mass function, we estimate that the Milky Way contained about 500 globular clusters initially, with a combined mass of about $2.5\cdot 10^8$ $M_{\odot }$. For a power-law initial mass function, the initial mass in globular clusters could have been a factor of three higher.

21 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, all data also available at https://people.smp.uq.edu.au/HolgerBaumgardt/globular/

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• Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6
• UVES analysis of red giants in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6522
• The Multiband Imaging Survey for High-Alpha PlanetS (MISHAPS) I: Preliminary Constraints on the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in 47 Tucanae
• Spectroscopic analysis of VVV CL001 cluster with MUSE
• Gravitational Microlensing Rates in Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Fuzzy dark matter dynamical friction: stalling of globular clusters induced by dynamical heatings
• Globular Clusters in the Sagittarius stream. Revising members and candidates with Gaia DR2
• The Escape of Globular Clusters from the Satellite Dwarf Galaxies of the Milky Way
• Star Cluster Ecology: Revisiting the Origin of Iron and Age Complex Clusters
• Homogeneous abundance ratios of hydrostatic and explosive alpha-elements in globular clusters from high resolution optical spectroscopy
• Self-similar orbit-averaged Fokker-Planck equation for isotropic spherical dense clusters (iii) application of pre-collapse solution to Galactic globular clusters
• Kinematic Evidence for Open Cluster Origins of Galactic Binary Neutron Stars
• Probing the Milky Way Halo with RR Lyrae Stars from Gaia Data Release 3
• Discovery and Timing of the First Millisecond Pulsar in NGC 6316
• Multi-wavelength photometric study of five contact binaries in the field of globular cluster M4
• Nature and nurture: the dynamical ages of in situ and accreted globular clusters in the Milky Way
• A search for stellar structures around nine outer halo globular clusters in the Milky Way