Evidence for Two Early Accretion Events That Built the Milky Way Stellar Halo

Abstract

The Gaia Sausage is the major accretion event that built the stellar halo of the Milky Way galaxy. Here, we provide dynamical and chemical evidence for a second substantial accretion episode, distinct from the Gaia Sausage. The Sequoia Event provided the bulk of the high energy retrograde stars in the stellar halo, as well as the recently discovered globular cluster FSR 1758. There are up to 6 further globular clusters, including $\omega$~Centauri, as well as many of the retrograde substructures in Myeong et al. (2018), associated with the progenitor dwarf galaxy, named the Sequoia. The stellar mass in the Sequoia galaxy is $\sim 5\times 10^7{M}_{\odot }$, whilst the total mass is $\sim 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$, as judged from abundance matching or from the total sum of the globular cluster mass. Although clearly less massive than the Sausage, the Sequoia has a distinct chemo-dynamical signature. The strongly retrograde Sequoia stars have a typical eccentricity of $\sim 0.6$, whereas the Sausage stars have no clear net rotation and move on predominantly radial orbits. On average, the Sequoia stars have lower metallicity by $\sim 0.3$ dex and higher abundance ratios as compared to the Sausage. We conjecture that the Sausage and the Sequoia galaxies may have been associated and accreted at a comparable epoch.

MNRAS, revised version in light of referee's comments. Minor modifications and clarifications to the argument, as well as an updated list of Sausage Globular Clusters

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• APOGEE chemical abundances of stars in the MW satellites Fornax, Sextans, Draco and Carina
• Evolution of action-space coherence in a Milky Way-like simulation
• A search for stellar structures around nine outer halo globular clusters in the Milky Way