Proper motions and dynamics of the Milky Way globular cluster system from Gaia DR2

Abstract

We use Gaia Data Release 2 to determine the mean proper motions for 150 Milky Way globular clusters (almost the entire known population), with a typical uncertainty of 0.05 mas/yr limited mainly by systematic errors. Combining them with distance and line-of-sight velocity measurements from the literature, we analyze the distribution of globular clusters in the 6d phase space, using both position/velocity and action/angle coordinates. The population of clusters in the central 10 kpc has a mean rotational velocity reaching 50-80 km/s, and a nearly isotropic velocity dispersion 100-120 km/s, while in the outer galaxy the cluster orbits are strongly radially anisotropic. We confirm a concentration of clusters at high radial action in the outer region of the Galaxy. Finally, we explore a range of equilibrium distribution function-based models for the entire globular cluster system, and the information they provide about the potential of the Milky Way. The dynamics of clusters is best described by models with the circular velocity between 10 and 50 kpc staying in the range 210-240 km/s.

Accepted by MNRAS. Revised version takes into account systematic errors in Gaia PM. The catalogue is provided as a separate text file inside the archive. Plots for all 150 clusters are included in the appendix. Python scripts for determining the membership and computing the mean PM and orbits of clusters are provided at https://github.com/GalacticDynamics-Oxford/GaiaTools

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