The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation

Abstract

WEAVE, the new wide-field, massively multiplexed spectroscopic survey facility for the William Herschel Telescope, will see first light in late 2022. WEAVE comprises a new 2-degree field-of-view prime-focus corrector system, a nearly 1000-multiplex fibre positioner, 20 individually deployable 'mini' integral field units (IFUs), and a single large IFU. These fibre systems feed a dual-beam spectrograph covering the wavelength range 366$-$959\,nm at $R\sim 5000$, or two shorter ranges at $R\sim 20000$. After summarising the design and implementation of WEAVE and its data systems, we present the organisation, science drivers and design of a five- to seven-year programme of eight individual surveys to: (i) study our Galaxy's origins by completing Gaia's phase-space information, providing metallicities to its limiting magnitude for $\sim$3 million stars and detailed abundances for $\sim 1.5$ million brighter field and open-cluster stars; (ii) survey $\sim 0.4$ million Galactic-plane OBA stars, young stellar objects and nearby gas to understand the evolution of young stars and their environments; (iii) perform an extensive spectral survey of white dwarfs; (iv) survey $\sim 400$ neutral-hydrogen-selected galaxies with the IFUs; (v) study properties and kinematics of stellar populations and ionised gas in $z<0.5$ cluster galaxies; (vi) survey stellar populations and kinematics in $\sim 25000$ field galaxies at $0.3\lesssim z\lesssim 0.7$; (vii) study the cosmic evolution of accretion and star formation using $>1$ million spectra of LOFAR-selected radio sources; (viii) trace structures using intergalactic/circumgalactic gas at $z>2$. Finally, we describe the WEAVE Operational Rehearsals using the WEAVE Simulator.

arXiv comment41 pages, 27 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS; updated version including information on individual grants in a revised Acknowledgements section, corrections to the affiliation list, and an updated references list

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• The effect of the LMC on the Milky Way system
• The Pristine survey -- XXIII. Data Release 1 and an all-sky metallicity catalogue based on Gaia DR3 BP/RP spectro-photometry
• Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia Colour-Magnitude Diagram-fitting (ChronoGal). I. The formation and evolution of the thin disk from the Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars
• The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: the radio view of the cosmic star formation history
• Metal line emission from galaxy haloes at z~1
• The effect of cosmic web filaments on galaxy evolution
• DESI Early Data Release Milky Way Survey Value-Added Catalogue
• Archetype-Based Redshift Estimation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Survey
• The IACOB project XII. A new grid of northern standards for the spectral classification of B-type stars
• Metallicity distributions of halo stars: do they trace the Galactic accretion history?
• Mapping radial abundance gradients with Gaia-ESO open clusters: Evidence of recent gas accretion in the Milky Way disk
• VELOcities of CEpheids (VELOCE) I. High-precision radial velocities of Cepheids
• Symbiotic stars in the era of modern ground- and space-based surveys
• Extremely metal-poor stars in the Fornax and Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• The GALAH survey: Tracing the Milky Way's formation and evolution through RR Lyrae stars
• An extended and refined grid of 3D STAGGER model atmospheres. Processed snapshots for stellar spectroscopy
• Investigating the amplitude and rotation of the phase spiral in the Milky Way outer disc
• On the maximum age resolution achievable through stellar population synthesis models
• Modelling chemical clocks -- Theoretical evidences of the space and time evolution of [s/alpha] in the Galactic disc with Gaia-ESO survey
• CHANCES, the Chilean Cluster Galaxy Evolution Survey: Selection and initial characterisation of clusters and superclusters
• The effect of cluster dynamical state on ram-pressure stripping
• The Pristine survey: XXV. The very metal-poor Galaxy: Chemodynamics through the follow-up of the Pristine-Gaia synthetic catalogue
• Exploring the structure and kinematics of the Milky Way through A stars
• Metallicity and $\alpha$-abundance for 48 million stars in low-extinction regions in the Milky Way
• The Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope Project
• MUSE spectroscopy of the high abundance discrepancy planetary nebula NGC 6153
• A Random Forest spectral classification of the Gaia 500-pc white dwarf population
• The probability of identifying the cosmic web environment of galaxies around clusters motivated by the Weave Wide Field Cluster Survey
• The Alma catalogue of OB stars. III. A cross-match with Gaia DR3 and an extension based on new spectral classifications
• Galaxy Spectra neural Network (GaSNet). II. Using Deep Learning for Spectral Classification and Redshift Predictions
• Could very low-metallicity stars with rotation-dominated orbits have been shepherded by the bar?
• How well can we unravel the accreted constituents of the Milky Way stellar halo? A test on cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• WEAVE First Light Observations: Origin and Dynamics of the Shock Front in Stephan's Quintet
• Mapping the Milky Way with Gaia Bp/Rp spectra I: Systematic flux corrections and atmospheric parameters for 68 million stars
• SpectroTranslator: a deep-neural network algorithm to homogenize spectroscopic parameters
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data I. Method validation
• Signature of systemic rotation in 21 Galactic Globular Clusters from APOGEE-2
• A novel Bayesian approach for decomposing the radio emission of quasars: II. Link between quasar radio emission and black hole mass
• Testing the mass-radius relation of white dwarfs in common proper motion pairs I.Hydrogen-dominated atmospheres
• Automatic line selection for abundance determination in large stellar spectroscopic surveys
• Dynamical streams in the local stellar halo
• Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage-Enceladus Analogues: Two Sausages, One Bun?
• Metallicities of old open clusters: A new Galactic map
• From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor
• Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG: NLTE atmospheric parameters and abundances of giant stars in 33 Open Clusters
• The GALAH survey: Improving chemical abundances using star clusters
• The Pristine survey XXVIII. Journey to the Galactic outskirts: Mapping the outer halo red giant stars down to the very metal-poor end
• Probing the cosmic web in Ly$\alpha$ emission over large scales: an Intensity Mapping forecast for DECaLS/BASS and DESI
• AuriDESI: Mock Catalogues for the DESI Milky Way Survey
• Stellar metallicity from optical and UV spectral indices: Test case for WEAVE-StePS
• Kinematic origin of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood
• Measurement of Substructure from the Kinematics of the GD-1 Stellar Stream
• AstroInspect: a web-based system to organize, assess, and visually inspect astronomical objects
• From Large Telescopes to the MUltiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST)
• Pulsar B1237+25 Aberration/Retardation Analysis from Decimeter to Decameter Wavelength: Challenge to "Radius-to-Frequency Mapping"
• Time Evolution of Mg II in SDSS J2320+0024: Implications for a Subparsec Binary Supermassive Black Hole System
• Automated quasar continuum estimation using neural networks: a comparative study of deep-learning architectures
• Recent Advances in Understanding R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Metal-Poor Stars and Stellar Systems
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): First Data Release Covering The D10 (COSMOS) Region
• Effects of Environment on the Size Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies: Comparing Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field at Two Rest-frame Wavelengths
• Segue 2 Recently Collided with the Cetus-Palca Stream: New Opportunities to Constrain Dark Matter in an Ultra-Faint Dwarf
• Dissecting stellar populations with manifold learning I. Validation of the method on a synthetic Milky Way-like galaxy
• The Nephele ecosystem: stars, globular clusters, and stellar streams associated with the progenitor galaxy of $\omega$ Centauri
• Exploring Galaxy Properties of eCALIFA with Contrastive Learning
• Low-ionization iron-rich Broad Absorption-Line Quasar SDSS J1652+2650: Physical conditions in the ejected gas from excited FeII and metastable HeI
• Nuclear astrophysics
• The clustering of C IV and Si IV at the end of reionisation: A perspective from the E-XQR-30 survey
• The Three Hundred Project: A fast semi-analytic model emulator of hydrodynamical galaxy cluster simulations
• DELVE-ing into the Milky Way's Globular Clusters: Assessing extra-tidal features in NGC 5897, NGC 7492, and testing detectability with deeper photometry
• Growing in number, passive in nature: tracing the evolution of the most massive quiescent galaxies since z ~ 0.8 with BOSS and DESI
• HI 21-cm Absorption Associated with Foreground Galaxies on Top of Quasars
• First large scale spatial and velocity patterns of local metal-rich stars in the Milky Way
• The WEAVE-TwiLight-Survey: Expanding WEAVE's Reach to Bright and Low-Surface-Density Targets with a Novel Observing Mode
• Two faces of Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus: Mining the chemical abundance space with graph attention networks
• Mechanisms Affecting Galaxies Nearby and Environmental Trends (MAGNET)
• Estimating Stellar Atmospheric Parameters and [α/Fe] for LAMOST O-M type Stars Using a Spectral Emulator
• Scalable Stellar Parameter Inference Using Python-based LASP: From CPU Optimization to GPU Acceleration
• Stellar age determination using deep neural networks: Isochrone ages for 1.3 million stars, based on BaSTI, MIST, PARSEC, Dartmouth and SYCLIST evolutionary grids
• Mapping the Milky Way with Gaia Bp/Rp spectra-IV: the broken and asymmetric density profile of the stellar disk traced by a large sample of red clumps
• From gas to stars: MUSEings on the internal evolution of IC 1613
• Using a neural network approach and starspots dependent models to predict effective temperatures and ages of young stars
• An ancient system hidden in the Galactic plane?
• J-PLUS: Understanding outlier white dwarfs in the third data release via dimensionality reduction
• Ion abundances in the plasma tail of 3I/ATLAS show that it is N2-rich
• Detailed Abundance Determination of Metal-Poor Stars with X-Shooter I. Unusual Chemistry in Halo Stars
• The WEAVE acquisition and guiding software: pattern recognition-based acquisition and multi-fibre guiding
• Astrophotometric search for massive stars in the Milky way. Confronting Random Forest predictions with available spectroscopy
• J-PLUS Reconstructing the Milky Way Disc's star formation history with twelve-filter photometry
• A method to derive self-consistent NLTE astrophysical parameters for 4 million high-resolution 4MOST stellar spectra in half a day with invertible neural networks
• LRPayne: Stellar parameters and abundances from low-resolution spectra
• Playing CHESS with stars. I. Search for similar stars in large spectroscopic data sets
• Stellar halos of bright central galaxies II: Scaling relations, colors and metallicity evolution with redshift
• From simulations to observations. Methodology and data release of mock TNG50 galaxies at 0.3 < z < 0.7 for WEAVE-StePS
• How to Build an Empirical Speed Distribution for Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• Revising Indirect Dark Matter Constraints with Updated Astrophysical $J$-Factor Priors
• Exploring Late Stellar Evolution in the Era of Large Surveys: Machine Learning Prospects for Hot Subdwarfs and White Dwarfs
• Morphologies for DECaLS Galaxies through a combination of non-parametric indices and machine learning methods: A comprehensive catalog using the Galaxy Morphology Extractor (galmex) code
• Prospects for studying million-degree gas in the Milky Way halo using the forbidden optical [FeX] and [FeXIV] intersystem lines