The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey - I. Survey Description and Preliminary Data Release

Abstract

The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is a deep 120-168 MHz imaging survey that will eventually cover the entire Northern sky. Each of the 3170 pointings will be observed for 8 hrs, which, at most declinations, is sufficient to produce ~5arcsec resolution images with a sensitivity of ~0.1mJy/beam and accomplish the main scientific aims of the survey which are to explore the formation and evolution of massive black holes, galaxies, clusters of galaxies and large-scale structure. Due to the compact core and long baselines of LOFAR, the images provide excellent sensitivity to both highly extended and compact emission. For legacy value, the data are archived at high spectral and time resolution to facilitate subarcsecond imaging and spectral line studies. In this paper we provide an overview of the LoTSS. We outline the survey strategy, the observational status, the current calibration techniques, a preliminary data release, and the anticipated scientific impact. The preliminary images that we have released were created using a fully-automated but direction-independent calibration strategy and are significantly more sensitive than those produced by any existing large-area low-frequency survey. In excess of 44,000 sources are detected in the images that have a resolution of 25arcsec, typical noise levels of less than 0.5 mJy/beam, and cover an area of over 350 square degrees in the region of the HETDEX Spring Field (right ascension 10h45m00s to 15h30m00s and declination 45d00m00s to 57d00m00s).

arXiv comment23 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

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• Link between radio-loud AGNs and host-galaxy shape
• Faraday tomography of LoTSS-DR2 data: II. Multi-tracer analysis in the high-latitude outer Galaxy
• The Redshift Distribution of Infrared-Faint Radio Sources
• Cosmology with powerful radio-loud AGNs
• The XXL Survey: XXXIV. Double irony in XXL-North. A tale of two radio galaxies in a supercluster at z = 0.14
• VLBI Imaging of high-redshift galaxies and protoclusters at low radio frequencies with the International LOFAR Telescope
• Searching for Kardashev Type III civilisations from High $q$-Value Sources in the LoTSS-DR1 Value-added Catalogue
• Exploring the properties of low-frequency radio emission and magnetic fields in a sample of compact galaxy groups using the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
• Effects of model incompleteness on the drift-scan calibration of radio telescopes
• HI filaments as potential compass needles? Comparing the magnetic field structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud to the orientation of GASKAP-HI filaments
• A study on the Clustering Properties of Radio-Selected sources in the Lockman Hole Region at 325 MHz
• Identifying radio active galactic nuclei among radio-emitting galaxies
• Finding AGN remnant candidates based on radio morphology with machine learning
• Differences in radio emission from similar M dwarfs in the binary system Ross 867-8
• A Comparison of Multi-Phase Magnetic Field Tracers in a High-Galactic Latitude Region of the Filamentary Interstellar Medium
• LOFAR Deep Fields: Probing faint Galactic polarised emission in ELAIS-N1
• Characterization of the decametre sky at subarcminute resolution
• Characterising the extended morphologies of BL Lacs at 144 MHz with LOFAR
• Probing particle acceleration in Abell 2256: from to 16 MHz to gamma rays
• Spectral modelling of Cygnus A between 110 and 250 MHz. Impact on the LOFAR 21-cm signal power spectrum
• RAiSERed: radio continuum redshifts for lobed AGNs
• Millimeter emission from supermassive black hole coronae
• 1-arcsecond imaging of ELAIS-N1 field at 144MHz using the LoTSS survey with international LOFAR telescope
• ALMA-JELLY I: High Resolution CO(2-1) Observations of Ongoing Ram Pressure Stripping in NGC 4858 Reveal Asymmetrical Gas Tail Formation and Fallback
• New filamentary remnant radio emission and duty cycle constraints in the radio galaxy NGC 6086
• ATCA observations of the MACS-Planck Radio Halo Cluster Project II. Radio observations of an intermediate redshift cluster sample
• Weakly interacting massive particle cross section limits from LOFAR observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Rotation and flipping invariant self-organizing maps with astronomical images: A cookbook and application to the VLA Sky Survey QuickLook images
• A novel Bayesian approach for decomposing the radio emission of quasars: II. Link between quasar radio emission and black hole mass
• Feedback from low-to-moderate luminosity radio-AGN with MaNGA
• Comprehensive view on a $z\sim 6.5$ radio-loud QSO: from the radio to the optical/NIR to the X-ray band
• Magnetic dynamos in galaxy clusters: the crucial role of galaxy formation physics at high redshifts
• LOFAR properties of SILVERRUSH Ly$\alpha$ emitter candidates in the ELAIS-N1 field
• Complex morphology and precession indicators of AGN jets in LoTSS DR2
• Limits on long-time-scale radio transients at 150 MHz using the TGSS ADR1 and LoTSS DR2 catalogues
• The twisted jets and magnetic fields of the extended radio galaxy 4C 70.19
• How are Red and Blue Quasars Different? The Radio Properties
• Radio-loudness statistics of quasars from Quaia-VLASS
• High-energy neutrino constraints on cosmic-ray re-acceleration in radio halos of massive galaxy clusters
• The Lockman-SpReSO project. Description, target selection, observations and preliminary results
• Detection of coherent low-frequency radio bursts from weak-line TTauri stars
• Central radio galaxies in galaxy clusters: Joint surveys by eROSITA and ASKAP
• Exploring the Connection between UV/Optical Variations and Radio Emission in Radio-Quiet Quasars: Clues on Radio Emission Origin
• Connecting the radio AGN life cycle to feedback: Ionised gas is more disturbed in young radio AGN
• The significance of low frequency interferometric observations for the GPS pulsar flux estimation: the case of J1740+1000
• Pipeline Collector: gathering performance data for distributed astronomical pipelines
• RadioSED I: Bayesian inference of radio SEDs from inhomogeneous surveys
• High-$z$ radio Quasars in RACS I: Selection, identification, and multi-wavelength properties
• Revealing new high redshift quasar populations through Gaussian mixture model selection
• A VLBI Calibrator Grid at 600MHz for Fast Radio Transient Localizations with CHIME/FRB Outriggers
• Jet interaction with galaxy cluster mergers
• LOFAR observations of gravitational wave merger events: O3 results and O4 strategy
• The global energetics of radio AGN kinetic feedback in the local universe
• The Potential of Detecting Radio-flaring Ultracool Dwarfs at L band in the FAST Drift-scan Survey
• Correcting Bandwidth Depolarization by Extreme Faraday Rotation
• Impact of dark matter-baryon relative velocity on the 21cm forest
• High-resolution imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope: Observations of the gravitational lenses MG 0751+2716 and CLASS B1600+434
• Revisiting the Giant Radio Galaxy ESO 422-G028: Part I. Discovery of a neutral inflow and recent star formation in a restarted giant
• Boosting the 21 cm forest signals by the clumpy substructures
• Disc galaxy resolved in HI absorption against the radio lobe of 3C 433: Case study for future surveys
• The optical luminosity function of LOFAR radio-selected quasars at $1.4\le z\le 5.0$ in the NDWFS-Boötes field
• A 15.5 GHz detection of the galaxy cluster minihalo in RXJ1720.1+2638
• Prospects of a statistical detection of the 21-cm forest and its potential to constrain the thermal state of the neutral IGM during reionization
• Future Radio Continuum Cosmology Clustering Surveys
• Robust direction-dependent gain-calibration of beam-modelling errors far from the target field
• The LOFAR view of massive early-type galaxies: Transition from radio AGN to host emission
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. I. Insights from deep LOFAR-VLBI sub-arcsecond resolution images
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of ram-pressure stripping in the Perseus cluster. Detection of parsec scale star formation with in the low surface brightness stripped tails of UGC 2665 and MCG +07-07-070
• UNIONS Optical Identifications for VLASS Radio Sources in the Euclid Sky (UNVEIL) I. A Catalog of ~146,000 Radio Galaxies up to z~5
• A novel radio imaging method for physical spectral index modelling
• Multi-scale VLBI observations of the candidate host galaxy of GRB 200716C
• A new distant Giant Radio Galaxy in the Boötes field serendipitously detected by Chandra
• A comprehensive radio study of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• Searching for Radio Transients with Inverted Spectra in Epoch 1 of VLASS and VCSS, and Identification of a Sample of Candidate Relativistic Nuclear Transients
• Studying the link between radio galaxies and AGN fuelling with relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of flickering jets
• Detection of the extended $\gamma$-ray emission from the high Galactic latitude Calvera's SNR candidate
• The impact of lossy data compression on the power spectrum of the high redshift 21-cm signal with LOFAR
• Associating LOFAR Galactic Faraday structures with the warm neutral medium
• Constraints on the magnetic field in the inter-cluster bridge A399-A401
• Star formation history of $0.1\le \text{z}\le 1.5$ mass-selected galaxies in the ELAIS-N1 Field
• Narrow [O III] emission lines as a potential proxy for the evolutionary stage of quasars
• Superluminal Motion and Jet Parameters in the Gamma-ray-Emitting Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy TXS 1206+549
• Simulating images of radio galaxies with diffusion models
• The first high-redshift cavity power measurements of cool-core galaxy clusters with the International LOFAR Telescope
• Synthetic Observations with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) -- development towards an end-to-end pipeline
• Revisiting the X-ray-to-UV relation of Quasars in the era of all-sky surveys
• The Detection Rate of Associated \mgii\ Absorption Lines in Quasars Depends on Their Radio Emission
• Radio emission from a massive node of the cosmic web. A discovery powered by machine learning
• Classification of Radio Sources Through Self-Supervised Learning
• Pulsar B1237+25 Aberration/Retardation Analysis from Decimeter to Decameter Wavelength: Challenge to "Radius-to-Frequency Mapping"
• Detailed study of the Bootes field using 300-500 MHz uGMRT observations: Source Properties and radio--infrared correlations
• Scalability Model for the LOFAR Direction Independent Pipeline
• LOFAR Deep Fields: Probing the sub-mJy regime of polarized extragalactic sources in ELAIS-N1. II. Analysis
• Metrewave Galactic Plane with the uGMRT (MeGaPluG) Survey: Lessons from the Pilot Study
• Intra-night optical variability and radio characteristics of extremely radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• New supernova remnant candidates in the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey
• A Morphological Identification and Study of Radio Galaxies from LoTSS DR2. I. The "Winged'' Radio Galaxies
• The phase-space of tailed radio galaxies in massive clusters
• The Coma cluster at LOFAR frequencies II: the halo, relic, and a new accretion relic
• Tracing obscured galaxy build-up at high redshift using deep radio surveys
• The Jet Paths of Radio AGN and their Cluster Weather
• Relighting the fire in Hickson Compact Group (HCG) 15: magnetised fossil plasma revealed by the SKA Pathfinders & Precursors
• SEMPER I. Radio Predictions for Star-Forming Galaxies at $0<z<5$
• Somewhere in between: Tracing the Radio Emission from Galaxy Groups (or Why Does the Future of Observing Galaxy Groups with Radio Telescopes Look Promising?)
• A Spatially Resolved Evolutionary Sequence of Multi-wavelength AGN Host Galaxies
• Catalog of One-side Head-Tail Galaxies in the FIRST Survey
• A Machine Learning made Catalog of FR-II Radio Galaxies from the FIRST Survey
• Identifying pulsar candidates in interferometric radio images using scintillation
• NOCTURNE. I. The radio spectrum of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• The Crab Nebula at subarcsecond resolution with the International LOFAR Telescope
• Magnetic fields in galactic environments probed by Fast Radio Bursts
• The LOFAR sub-arcsecond view of the high-redshift radio relic in PSZ2G091.83+26.11
• Identifying Radio Active Galactic Nuclei with Machine Learning and Large-Area Surveys
• Cosmology from LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Data Release 2: Counts-in-Cells Statistics
• Minimum Energies and Magnetic Field Strengths of Edge-brightened Compact Symmetric Objects
• Transformer-Based Source Detection and Morphological Classification in LOFAR Deep-Field Continuum Images
• Galaxy clusters in the LoTSS-DR3: Catalogues and detection pipeline for diffuse radio emission
• Finding the evolutionary link between ULIRGs and radio galaxies
• Are Stellar Embryos in Perseus Radio-Synchrotron Emitters? Statistical data analysis with Herschel and LOFAR paving the way for the SKA
• Enhanced activity in close dual-AGN systems in the local Universe
• Mapping the emission and spectral properties of the FRI radio galaxy 3C 449 with LOFAR and the VLA
• A high-resolution study of the double radio relic system in MACS J1752.0+4440
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS IV. Tracing Radio Emission and Unveiling the Role of Winds
• The Optical Properties of Host Galaxies of Radio Sources in the Coma Cluster
• Clustering properties of TGSS radio sources
• Low-frequency-selected Fast Radio Burst Host Galaxy Candidates
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• The Application of Ridgelines in Extended Radio Source Cross-Identification
• Wide-field GMRT imaging of X-shaped Radio-Galaxies: Spectral properties of 4C32.25 and 4C61.23
• Investigating the spectra and physical nature of galaxy scale jets
• Efficient neutral-IGM inference from noisy 21-cm forest spectra with latent-space U-Net encoding and XGBoost
• Prospects for radio weak lensing: studies using LOFAR observations in the ELAIS-N1 field
• Spectral indices in active galactic nuclei as seen by Apertif and LOFAR
• MIGHTEE: total intensity radio continuum imaging and the COSMOS / XMM-LSS Early Science fields
• A LOFAR-uGMRT spectral index study of distant radio halos
• Evidence for cold plasma in planetary nebulae from radio observations with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR)
• Low Frequency Two Meter Sky Survey Radial Artifacts Identified as BL Quasars
• How does environment affect the morphology of radio AGN?
• Deep ASKAP EMU Survey of the GAMA23 field: Properties of radio sources
• Completing the X-ray view of the recently discovered supernova remnant G53.41+0.03
• IGR J18249-3243: a new GeV-emitting FR II and the emerging population of high energy radio galaxies
• The dependence of the fraction of radio luminous quasars on redshift and its theoretical implications
• Giant radio quasars: composite optical spectra
• Possible Ongoing Merger Discovered by Photometry and Spectroscopy in the Field of the Galaxy Cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0