The LOFAR LBA Sky Survey: Deep Fields I. The Boötes Field

Abstract

We present the first sub-mJy ($\approx 0.7$ mJy beam${}^{-1}$) survey to be completed below 100 MHz, which is over an order of magnitude deeper than previously achieved for widefield imaging of any field at these low frequencies. The high resolution ($15\times 15$ arcsec) image of the Boötes field at 34-75 MHz is made from 56 hours of observation with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) Low Band Antenna (LBA) system. The observations and data reduction, including direction-dependent calibration, are described here. We present a radio source catalogue containing 1,948 sources detected over an area of $23.6$ deg${}^2$, with a peak flux density threshold of $5\sigma$. Using existing datasets, we characterise the astrometric and flux density uncertainties, finding a positional uncertainty of $\sim 1.2$ arcsec and a flux density scale uncertainty of about 5 per cent. Using the available deep 144-MHz data, we identified 144-MHz counterparts to all the 54-MHz sources, and produced a matched catalogue within the deep optical coverage area containing 829 sources. We calculate the Euclidean-normalised differential source counts and investigate the low-frequency radio source spectral indices between 54 and 144 MHz, both of which show a general flattening in the radio spectral indices for lower flux density sources, from $\sim -0.75$ at 144-MHz flux densities between 100-1000 mJy to $\sim -0.5$ at 144-MHz flux densities between 5-10 mJy, due to a growing population of star forming galaxies and compact core-dominated AGN.

15 pages, 17 figures. Accepted for publication by A&A. Data available online at lofar-surveys.org

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• Characterization of the decametre sky at subarcminute resolution
• Apertif 1.4 GHz continuum observations of the Boötes field and their combined view with LOFAR
• Matching LOFAR sources across radio bands
• The 'spectral index-flux density relation' for extragalactic radio sources selected at metre and decametre wavelengths