The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey -- V. Second data release

Abstract

In this data release from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) we present 120-168MHz images covering 27% of the northern sky. Our coverage is split into two regions centred at approximately 12h45m +44${}^{\circ }$30' and 1h00m +28${}^{\circ }$00' and spanning 4178 and 1457 square degrees respectively. The images were derived from 3,451hrs (7.6PB) of LOFAR High Band Antenna data which were corrected for the direction-independent instrumental properties as well as direction-dependent ionospheric distortions during extensive, but fully automated, data processing. A catalogue of 4,396,228 radio sources is derived from our total intensity (Stokes I) maps, where the majority of these have never been detected at radio wavelengths before. At 6" resolution, our full bandwidth Stokes I continuum maps with a central frequency of 144MHz have: a median rms sensitivity of 83$\mu$Jy/beam; a flux density scale accuracy of approximately 10%; an astrometric accuracy of 0.2"; and we estimate the point-source completeness to be 90% at a peak brightness of 0.8mJy/beam. By creating three 16MHz bandwidth images across the band we are able to measure the in-band spectral index of many sources, albeit with an error on the derived spectral index of +/-0.2 which is a consequence of our flux-density scale accuracy and small fractional bandwidth. Our circular polarisation (Stokes V) 20" resolution 120-168MHz continuum images have a median rms sensitivity of 95$\mu$Jy/beam, and we estimate a Stokes I to Stokes V leakage of 0.056%. Our linear polarisation (Stokes Q and Stokes U) image cubes consist of 480 x 97.6 kHz wide planes and have a median rms sensitivity per plane of 10.8mJy/beam at 4' and 2.2mJy/beam at 20"; we estimate the Stokes I to Stokes Q/U leakage to be approximately 0.2%. Here we characterise and publicly release our Stokes I, Q, U and V images in addition to the calibrated uv-data.

arXiv comment23 figures, 1 table and 29 pages. The catalogues, images and uv-data associated with this data release are publicly available via https://lofar-surveys.org/

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• Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
• Probing AGN duty cycle and cluster-driven morphology in a giant episodic radio galaxy
• Transformer-Based Source Detection and Morphological Classification in LOFAR Deep-Field Continuum Images
• IGR J18249-3243: a new GeV-emitting FR II and the emerging population of high energy radio galaxies
• Wide-field GMRT imaging of X-shaped Radio-Galaxies: Spectral properties of 4C32.25 and 4C61.23
• Magnetic fields in planetary nebulae detected through non-thermal radio continuum emission
• J-HERTz: J-PLUS Heritage Exploration of Radio Targets at z $<$ 5
• Radio properties of the quasi-periodic eruption source RXJ1301.9+2747 at parsec scales
• The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample: IV. Multiwavelength data and analysis
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. II. Properties of filaments using multi-frequency radio data