UNIONS Optical Identifications for VLASS Radio Sources in the Euclid Sky (UNVEIL) I. A Catalog of ~146,000 Radio Galaxies up to z~5

Abstract

We present results of optical identifications for Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS) radio sources using the Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS). A cross-match between UNIONS and VLASS Epoch 2 catalogs yields 146,212 radio galaxies down to $r=24.5$ mag over a wide area of $\sim 4,200\mathrm{de}{\mathrm{g}}^2$. We perform g-dropout selections and find $>200$ sources at $z\sim 4$ optimistically. Of 63,019 sources with valid photo-$z$, 8,692 are at $z_{\mathrm{photo}}>1$, and 1,171 are at $z_{\mathrm{photo}}>2$. Based on spectral luminosities at 1.4 GHz using the valid photo-$z$, we identify $\sim 49,000$ radio-loud AGNs (RLAGNs) with ${\text{L}}_{1.4GHz}>10^{24}$ W/Hz, and all radio galaxies at $z>1$ are RL. Adopting radio loudness instead, 138,266 out of 146,212 UNIONS-VLASS radio galaxies are RL. Thus, our catalog greatly increases the number counts of RLAGNs at $z>1$. We further cross-match the UNIONS-VLASS catalog with LOw-Frequency ARray Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) at 144 MHz and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm (FIRST) at 1.4 GHz, yielding 101,671 UNIONS-VLASS-LoTSS, 79,638 -FIRST, and 64,672 -LoTSS-FIRST sources, respectively. This multifrequency radio dataset reveals sources of various spectral shapes, including the steep spectrum of aged populations, the peaked spectrum of young populations, and the upturned spectrum potentially associated with transient sources. The UNIONS-VLASS radio galaxies will be covered by the Euclid wide survey, offering legacy values to benefit multi-faceted studies related to RLAGNs and beyond.

20 pages and 17 figures with Appendix; Published in ApJS; the UNVEIL radio galaxy catalog can be found at https://zenodo.org/records/15863123

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