The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey - II. First data release

Abstract

The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is an ongoing sensitive, high-resolution 120-168MHz survey of the entire northern sky for which observations are now 20% complete. We present our first full-quality public data release. For this data release 424 square degrees, or 2% of the eventual coverage, in the region of the HETDEX Spring Field (right ascension 10h45m00s to 15h30m00s and declination 45${}^{\circ }$00${}^{\prime }$00${}^{\prime \prime }$ to 57${}^{\circ }$00${}^{\prime }$00${}^{\prime \prime }$) were mapped using a fully automated direction-dependent calibration and imaging pipeline that we developed. A total of 325,694 sources are detected with a signal of at least five times the noise, and the source density is a factor of $\sim 10$ higher than the most sensitive existing very wide-area radio-continuum surveys. The median sensitivity is S${}_{144MHz}=71\mu$Jy beam${}^{-1}$ and the point-source completeness is 90% at an integrated flux density of 0.45mJy. The resolution of the images is 6${}^{\prime \prime }$ and the positional accuracy is within 0.2${}^{\prime \prime }$. This data release consists of a catalogue containing location, flux, and shape estimates together with 58 mosaic images that cover the catalogued area. In this paper we provide an overview of the data release with a focus on the processing of the LOFAR data and the characteristics of the resulting images. In two accompanying papers we provide the radio source associations and deblending and, where possible, the optical identifications of the radio sources together with the photometric redshifts and properties of the host galaxies. These data release papers are published together with a further $\sim$20 articles that highlight the scientific potential of LoTSS.

arXiv comment16 figures, 1 table and 22 pages. This paper is part of the LOFAR surveys data release 1 and has been accepted for publication in a special edition of A&A that will appear in Feb 2019, volume 622. The catalogues and images from the data release will be publicly available on lofar-surveys.org upon publication of the journal

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• The Radio Scream from Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn: A Semi-Analytic Model for the Impact of Radio Loud Black-Holes on the 21 cm Global Signal
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• Magnetic fields and relativistic electrons fill entire galaxy cluster
• Cataloging the radio-sky with unsupervised machine learning: a new approach for the SKA era
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• A Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach for measurement of jet precession in radio-loud active galactic nuclei
• A study on the Clustering Properties of Radio-Selected sources in the Lockman Hole Region at 325 MHz
• Characterising the extended morphologies of BL Lacs at 144 MHz with LOFAR
• Effects of model incompleteness on the drift-scan calibration of radio telescopes
• Selection of powerful radio galaxies with machine learning
• Weakly interacting massive particle cross section limits from LOFAR observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• 1-arcsecond imaging of ELAIS-N1 field at 144MHz using the LoTSS survey with international LOFAR telescope
• New filamentary remnant radio emission and duty cycle constraints in the radio galaxy NGC 6086
• Seeing the forest and the trees: a radio investigation of the ULIRG Mrk 273
• RAiSERed: radio continuum redshifts for lobed AGNs
• Radio-relic and the diffuse emission trail discovered in a low mass galaxy cluster Abell 1697
• Black holes at cosmic dawn in the redshifted 21cm signal of HI
• Clusters' far-reaching influence on narrow-angle tail radio galaxies
• Complex morphology and precession indicators of AGN jets in LoTSS DR2
• VLA Snapshot Continuum Survey of FRI Quasar Candidates Selected from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
• Comprehensive view on a $z\sim 6.5$ radio-loud QSO: from the radio to the optical/NIR to the X-ray band
• A novel Bayesian approach for decomposing the radio emission of quasars: II. Link between quasar radio emission and black hole mass
• AGN feedback in an infant galaxy cluster: the LOFAR-Chandra view of the giant FRII radio galaxy J103025+052430 at z=1.7
• Probing gaseous halos of galaxies with radio jets
• Searching for the largest bound atoms in space
• Relativistic AGN jets III. Synthesis of synchrotron emission from Double-Double Radio Galaxies
• Filamentary Baryons and Where to Find Them: A forecast of synchrotron radiation from merger and accretion shocks in the local Cosmic Web
• LOFAR properties of SILVERRUSH Ly$\alpha$ emitter candidates in the ELAIS-N1 field
• Matching LOFAR sources across radio bands
• Apertif 1.4 GHz continuum observations of the Boötes field and their combined view with LOFAR
• MaNGA integral-field stellar kinematics of LoTSS radio galaxies: Luminous radio galaxies tend to be slow rotators
• How are Red and Blue Quasars Different? The Radio Properties
• High-$z$ radio Quasars in RACS I: Selection, identification, and multi-wavelength properties
• Detection of coherent low-frequency radio bursts from weak-line TTauri stars
• Catching the wisps: Stellar mass-loss limits from low-frequency radio observations
• The twisted jets and magnetic fields of the extended radio galaxy 4C 70.19
• Revealing new high redshift quasar populations through Gaussian mixture model selection
• The significance of low frequency interferometric observations for the GPS pulsar flux estimation: the case of J1740+1000
• Searching for low radio-frequency gravitational wave counterparts in wide-field LOFAR data
• Limits on long-time-scale radio transients at 150 MHz using the TGSS ADR1 and LoTSS DR2 catalogues
• Central radio galaxies in galaxy clusters: Joint surveys by eROSITA and ASKAP
• The MeerKAT Absorption Line Survey: Homogeneous continuum catalogues towards a measurement of the cosmic radio dipole
• Impact of dark matter-baryon relative velocity on the 21cm forest
• The Potential of Detecting Radio-flaring Ultracool Dwarfs at L band in the FAST Drift-scan Survey
• Spectral study of the diffuse synchrotron source in the galaxy cluster Abell 523
• Cosmological simulations of the generation of cluster-scale radio emission from turbulent re-acceleration
• Linear Polarization of the 21 cm Line from the Epoch of Reionization
• Jet interaction with galaxy cluster mergers
• Abell 0399-Abell 0401 radio bridge spectral index: the first multifrequency detection
• LOFAR observations of gravitational wave merger events: O3 results and O4 strategy
• A 100 kpc Ram Pressure Tail Trailing the Group Galaxy NGC 2276
• Discovery of a filamentary synchrotron structure connected to the coherent magnetic field in the outer Galaxy
• The global energetics of radio AGN kinetic feedback in the local universe
• The optical luminosity function of LOFAR radio-selected quasars at $1.4\le z\le 5.0$ in the NDWFS-Boötes field
• Excess cataloged X-ray and radio sources at galaxy-cluster virial shocks
• The ViCTORIA project: description of a multi-frequency radio survey of the Virgo galaxy cluster
• Searching for Radio Transients with Inverted Spectra in Epoch 1 of VLASS and VCSS, and Identification of a Sample of Candidate Relativistic Nuclear Transients
• Central star formation in double-peak gas rich radio galaxies
• Constraints on the magnetic field in the inter-cluster bridge A399-A401
• Decoherence in LOFAR-VLBI Beamforming
• Associating LOFAR Galactic Faraday structures with the warm neutral medium
• Star formation history of $0.1\le \text{z}\le 1.5$ mass-selected galaxies in the ELAIS-N1 Field
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. I. Insights from deep LOFAR-VLBI sub-arcsecond resolution images
• Probing the Wind Component of Radio Emission in Luminous High-Redshift Quasars
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of ram-pressure stripping in the Perseus cluster. Detection of parsec scale star formation with in the low surface brightness stripped tails of UGC 2665 and MCG +07-07-070
• Future Radio Continuum Cosmology Clustering Surveys
• A novel radio imaging method for physical spectral index modelling
• Ionospheric effect on the synthetic Epoch of Reionization observations with the SKA1-Low
• Core prominence as a signature of restarted jet activity in the LOFAR radio-galaxy population
• Non-thermal emission in galaxy groups at extremely low frequency: the case of A1213
• SAGAN-VI: When Jets Meet Filaments -- Environmental Imprints on the Growth of Giant Radio Galaxies
• Classification of Radio Sources Through Self-Supervised Learning
• Radio emission from a massive node of the cosmic web. A discovery powered by machine learning
• Learning from the present for the future: the Juelich LOFAR Long-term Archive
• Radio-FIR correlation- A probe into cosmic ray propagation in the nearby galaxy IC 342
• The first high-redshift cavity power measurements of cool-core galaxy clusters with the International LOFAR Telescope
• A cosmological distance measure using radio-loud quasars
• Shapes of galaxies hosting radio-loud AGNs with z \leq 1
• CHANG-ES XXVII: A Radio/X-ray Catalogue of Compact Sources in and around Edge-on Galaxies
• Relighting the fire in Hickson Compact Group (HCG) 15: magnetised fossil plasma revealed by the SKA Pathfinders & Precursors
• The phase-space of tailed radio galaxies in massive clusters
• A Morphological Identification and Study of Radio Galaxies from LoTSS DR2. I. The "Winged'' Radio Galaxies
• Scalability Model for the LOFAR Direction Independent Pipeline
• SEMPER I. Radio Predictions for Star-Forming Galaxies at $0<z<5$
• Convolutional Deep Denoising Autoencoders for Radio Astronomical Images
• Somewhere in between: Tracing the Radio Emission from Galaxy Groups (or Why Does the Future of Observing Galaxy Groups with Radio Telescopes Look Promising?)
• New supernova remnant candidates in the LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey
• LOFAR Deep Fields: Probing the sub-mJy regime of polarized extragalactic sources in ELAIS-N1. II. Analysis
• The Coma cluster at LOFAR frequencies II: the halo, relic, and a new accretion relic
• Time-domain Radio-loudness of Active Galactic Nuclei: Intermittency, Memory, and Jet Escape
• Exploring the quasar disc-wind-jet connection with LoTSS and SDSS
• The Jet Paths of Radio AGN and their Cluster Weather
• Catalog of One-side Head-Tail Galaxies in the FIRST Survey
• Apertif, Phased Array Feeds for the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
• LOFAR 58 MHz Legacy Survey of the 3CRR Catalog
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, No evidence for a super-Earth in a 2-day orbit around GJ 1151
• A deep study of A399-401: An application for wide-field facet calibration
• Combined LOFAR-uGMRT analysis of the diffuse radio emission in the massive clusters Abell 773 and Abell 1351
• The LOFAR sub-arcsecond view of the high-redshift radio relic in PSZ2G091.83+26.11
• Radio halos in a mass-selected sample of 75 galaxy clusters. I. Sample selection and data analysis
• The Crab Nebula at subarcsecond resolution with the International LOFAR Telescope
• X-ray investigation of the remarkable galaxy group Nest200047
• Hosts and environments: a (large-scale) radio history of AGN and star-forming galaxies
• Clustering properties of TGSS radio sources
• Cosmology from LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Data Release 2: Counts-in-Cells Statistics
• A GMRT 610 MHz radio survey of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP, ADF-N) / Euclid Deep Field North
• The Application of Ridgelines in Extended Radio Source Cross-Identification
• Are Stellar Embryos in Perseus Radio-Synchrotron Emitters? Statistical data analysis with Herschel and LOFAR paving the way for the SKA
• Investigating the spectra and physical nature of galaxy scale jets
• Using strong lensing to understand the microJy radio emission in two radio quiet quasars at redshift 1.7
• A LOFAR-uGMRT spectral index study of distant radio halos
• Evidence for cold plasma in planetary nebulae from radio observations with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR)
• The resolved jet of 3C 273 at 150 MHz
• Radio Galaxy Zoo: Giant Radio Galaxy Classification using Multi-Domain Deep Learning
• Possible Ongoing Merger Discovered by Photometry and Spectroscopy in the Field of the Galaxy Cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0
• A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration I: mathematical formalism
• The evolution of extragalactic peaked-spectrum sources down to 54 megahertz
• Prospects for radio weak lensing: studies using LOFAR observations in the ELAIS-N1 field
• Spectroscopic Characterization of LOFAR Radio-emitting M dwarfs
• Radio Galaxy Zoo: Morphological classification by Fanaroff-Riley designation using self-supervised pre-training
• A Treasure Hunt in the Pool of Spectra Classified as High-redshift QSOs by the Spectroscopic Pipeline of the SDSS DR16
• 1FLAT: a Firmamento-based catalog of AGN in Fermi-LAT high Galactic latitude γ-ray sources
• The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample: IV. Multiwavelength data and analysis
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. II. Properties of filaments using multi-frequency radio data
• Low-frequency-selected Fast Radio Burst Host Galaxy Candidates
• A high-resolution study of the double radio relic system in MACS J1752.0+4440
• Mapping the emission and spectral properties of the FRI radio galaxy 3C 449 with LOFAR and the VLA
• Galaxy clusters in the LoTSS-DR3: Catalogues and detection pipeline for diffuse radio emission
• Transformer-Based Source Detection and Morphological Classification in LOFAR Deep-Field Continuum Images
• RAD@home discovery of a bow-and-arrow radio galaxy tracing a ~560 kpc bow-shock structure in a multi-halo environment
• Probing AGN duty cycle and cluster-driven morphology in a giant episodic radio galaxy