Cosmic rays in galaxy clusters and their non-thermal emission

Abstract

Radio observations prove the existence of relativistic particles and magnetic field associated with the intra-cluster-medium (ICM) through the presence of extended synchrotron emission in the form of radio halos and peripheral relics. This observational evidence has fundamental implications on the physics of the ICM. Non-thermal components in galaxy clusters are indeed unique probes of very energetic processes operating within clusters that drain gravitational and electromagnetic energy into cosmic rays and magnetic fields. These components strongly affect the (micro-)physical properties of the ICM, including viscosity and electrical conductivities, and have also potential consequences on the evolution of clusters themselves. The nature and properties of cosmic rays in galaxy clusters, including the origin of the observed radio emission on cluster-scales, have triggered an active theoretical debate in the last decade. Only recently we can start addressing some of the most important questions in this field, thanks to recent observational advances, both in the radio and at high energies. The properties of cosmic rays and of cluster non-thermal emissions depend on the dynamical state of the ICM, the efficiency of particle acceleration mechanisms in the ICM and on the dynamics of these cosmic rays. In this review we discuss in some detail the acceleration and transport of cosmic rays in galaxy clusters and the most relevant observational milestones that have provided important steps on our understanding of this physics. Finally, looking forward to the possibilities from new generations of observational tools, we focus on what appear to be the most important prospects for the near future from radio and high-energy observations.

Invited review paper, 74 pages, 21 figures, International Journal of Modern Physics D, in press

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• X-ray study of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3411-3412 with XMM-Newton and Suzaku
• On the Challenges of Cosmic-Ray Proton Shock Acceleration in the Intracluster Medium
• Limits and challenges of the detection of cluster-scale diffuse radio emission at high redshift: The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey (MaDCoWS) in LoTSS-DR2
• A multishock scenario for the formation of radio relics
• Cosmic dance in the Shapley Concentration Core - I. A study of the radio emission of the BCGs and tailed radio galaxies
• On the detection of multiple shock fronts in A1914 using deep Chandra X-ray observations
• Cosmic dance in the Shapley Concentration Core II. The uGMRT-MeerKAT view of filaments in the brightest cluster galaxies and tailed radio galaxies in the A3528 cluster complex
• Clusters of galaxies and the cosmic web with SKA
• Passive spirals and shock influenced star formation in the merging cluster A3376
• Generation of Solenoidal Modes and Magnetic Fields in Turbulence Driven by Compressive Driving
• Probing the origin of diffuse radio emission in the cool-core of the Phoenix galaxy cluster
• Electron Firehose Instabilities in High-$\beta$ ICM shocks
• Multi-wavelength Observations of the Dissociative Merger in the Galaxy Cluster CIZA J0107.7+5408
• Tracing low-mass galaxy clusters with radio relics: the discovery of Abell 3527-bis
• Diffuse radio emission in the complex merging galaxy cluster Abell 2069
• Features of collisionless turbulence in the intracluster medium from simulated Faraday rotation maps II: the effects of instabilities feedback
• Suzaku and Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster RXC J1053.7+5453 with a radio relic
• ClG 0217+70: A massive merging galaxy cluster with a large radio halo and relics
• MeerKAT's discovery of a radio relic in the bimodal merging cluster A2384
• Unveiling The Origin of Peculiar Diffuse Radio Emission in Abell 1351
• WEAVE First Light Observations: Origin and Dynamics of the Shock Front in Stephan's Quintet
• Double radio relics and radio halo in the high redshift galaxy cluster El Gordo with the Upgraded GMRT
• Probing particle acceleration in Abell 2256: from to 16 MHz to gamma rays
• A new enigmatic radio relic in the low mass cluster Abell 2108
• Prospects for $\gamma$-ray observations of the Perseus galaxy cluster with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Cross Correlation of the Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background with Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Manufacturing cosmic rays in the evolving dynamical states of galaxy clusters
• Influence of adaptive mesh refinement and the hydro solver on shear-induced mass stripping in a minor-merger scenario
• Optical inverse-Compton emission from clusters of galaxies
• Revealing A Head-on Major Merger in the Nearby NGC 6338 Group with Chandra and VLA observations
• ATCA observations of the MACS-Planck Radio Halo Cluster Project II. Radio observations of an intermediate redshift cluster sample
• A low-frequency radio halo survey of the South Pole Telescope SZ-selected clusters with the GMRT
• The NuSTAR and Chandra view of CL 0217+70 and Its Tell-Tale Radio Halo
• Sardinia Radio Telescope observations of the Coma Cluster
• CHANG-ES XXXII: Spatially Resolved Thermal/Nonthermal Separation from Radio Data Alone -- New Probes into NGC 3044 and NGC 5775
• Galactic Energetic Particles and Their Radiative Yields in Clusters
• Weak-Lensing Analysis of the Complex Cluster Merger Abell 746 with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Stochastic Electron Acceleration by the Whistler Instability in a Growing Magnetic Field
• The MeerKAT Massive Distant Clusters Survey: A Radio Halo in a Massive Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.23
• Imaging results from the legacy GMRT Galaxy Cluster Key Project
• The MeerKAT Massive Distant Clusters Survey: detection of diffuse radio emission in galaxy clusters at $z>1$
• Role of intracluster supernovae in radio mini-halos in galaxy clusters
• Magnetic dynamos in galaxy clusters: the crucial role of galaxy formation physics at high redshifts
• Acceleration of Thermal Protons By Generic Phenomenological Mechanisms
• Properties of Polarized Synchrotron Emission from Fluctuation Dynamo Action -- II. Effects of Turbulence Driving in the ICM and Beam Smoothing
• Complex diffuse emission in the $z=0.52$ cluster PLCK~G004.5-19.5
• Weak Lensing analysis of Abell 2390 using short exposures
• Revisiting the role of cosmic-ray driven Alfvén waves in pre-existing magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. I. Turbulent damping rates and feedback on background fluctuations
• Exploring the role of cosmological shock waves in the Dianoga simulations of galaxy clusters
• Substructure analysis of the RXCJ0232.2-4420 galaxy cluster
• Pre-selection of the Candidate Fields for Deep Imaging of the Epoch of Reionization with SKA1-Low
• High-energy neutrino constraints on cosmic-ray re-acceleration in radio halos of massive galaxy clusters
• Effect of turbulent reacceleration on electrons produced by dark matter annihilation in the Coma cluster
• Non-thermal emissions from a head-tail radio galaxy in 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Resolving the Hot and Ionized Universe through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect
• Abell 0399-Abell 0401 radio bridge spectral index: the first multifrequency detection
• Sloshing and spiral structures breeding a putative radio mini-halo in the environment of a cool-core cluster Abell 795
• Cosmological simulations of the generation of cluster-scale radio emission from turbulent re-acceleration
• Jet interaction with galaxy cluster mergers
• PITSZI: Probing Intra-cluster medium Turbulence with Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Imaging -- Application to the triple merging cluster MACS J0717.5+3745
• A Semi-Analytical Model for the Formation and Evolution of Radio Relics in Galaxy Clusters
• Spectral study of the diffuse synchrotron source in the galaxy cluster Abell 523
• Constraining the average magnetic field in galaxy clusters with current and upcoming CMB surveys
• Two merging galaxy clusters with very hot shock fronts observed shortly before pericentric passage
• A MeerKAT view on galaxy clusters: a radio-optical study of Abell 1300 and MACS J1931.8--2634
• The peculiar cluster MACS J0417.5-1154 in the C and X-bands
• Effects of Forcing on Shocks and Energy Dissipation in Interstellar and Intracluster Turbulences
• Constraints on the magnetic field in the inter-cluster bridge A399-A401
• Resolving the Merging Planck Cluster PLCK G147.3-16.6 with GISMO
• Criteria for ion acceleration in laboratory magnetized quasi-perpendicular collisionless shocks: when are 2D simulations enough?
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Radio multifrequency observations of galaxy clusters. The Abell 399$-$401 pair
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. I. Insights from deep LOFAR-VLBI sub-arcsecond resolution images
• SpectrAx: Spectral Search of Axion-Like Particles Using Multi-Band Observations of Galaxy Clusters from SKA, SO, CMB-S4 and eROSITA
• Observation of Fermi acceleration with cold atoms
• Deep Chandra observations of PLCKG287.0+32.9: a clear detection of a shock front in a heated former cool core
• On the interpretation of XRISM X-ray measurements of turbulence in the intracluster medium: a comparison with cosmological simulations
• Post-processing of galaxies due to major cluster mergers I. hints from galaxy colours and morphologies
• CHEX-MATE: New detections and properties of the radio diffuse emission in massive clusters with MeerKAT
• Energy Dissipation in Strong Collisionless Shocks: The Crucial Role of Ion-to-Electron Scale Separation in Particle-in-Cell Simulations
• Cosmic-ray electrons and the magnetic field of the North Polar Spur
• OLIMPO: a Balloon-Borne SZE Imager to Probe ICM Dynamics and the WHIM
• Possible non-thermal origin of the hard X-ray emission in the merging galaxy cluster SPT-CL J2031-4037
• Magnetic reconnection: an alternative explanation of radio emission in galaxy clusters
• Plasma Constraints on the Millicharged Dark Matter
• The Coma cluster at LOFAR frequencies II: the halo, relic, and a new accretion relic
• Relighting the fire in Hickson Compact Group (HCG) 15: magnetised fossil plasma revealed by the SKA Pathfinders & Precursors
• Deciphering the spectral properties of the atypical radio relic in A115 using uGMRT, VLA, and LOFAR
• The Complexity and Information Content of Simulated Universes
• MeerKAT discovery of GHz radio emission extending from Abell 3017 toward Abell 3016
• A Stacked Analysis of GeV Gamma-Ray Emission from SPT-SZ Galaxy Clusters with 16 Years of Fermi-LAT Data
• Mapping Diffuse Radio Sources Using TUNA: A Transformer-Based Deep Learning Approach
• Gamma-ray emission from galaxy cluster outskirts versus radio relics
• The LOFAR sub-arcsecond view of the high-redshift radio relic in PSZ2G091.83+26.11
• uGMRT and MeerKAT observation of RXCJ0232-4420: a quiet cluster with a giant radio halo
• Excess of diffuse gamma-ray emission detected from the galaxy cluster Abell 119 from 14-year Fermi-LAT Data
• Effective Viscosity in the Intracluster Medium During Magnetic Field Amplification via Turbulent Dynamo
• Radio Halo Detection in MWA Data using Deep Neural Networks and Generative Data Augmentation
• A deep study of A399-401: An application for wide-field facet calibration
• Hosts and environments: a (large-scale) radio history of AGN and star-forming galaxies
• Enhanced radio emission between a galaxy cluster pair
• The Evolutionary Map of the Universe Pilot Survey
• Discovery of large-scale radio emission enveloping the mini-halo in the most X-ray luminous galaxy cluster RX~J1347.5-1145
• Constraining Merging Galaxy Clusters with X-ray and Lensing Simulations and Observations: The case of Abell 2146
• Radio halos in a mass-selected sample of 75 galaxy clusters. I. Sample selection and data analysis
• The application of the adiabatic compression scenario to the radio relic in the galaxy cluster Abell 3411-3412
• Resurging from the ashes: A spectral study of seven candidate revived radio fossils in nearby low-mass galaxy clusters
• Simulating cosmic ray electron spectra and radio emission from an AGN jet outburst in a cool-core cluster
• Combined LOFAR-uGMRT analysis of the diffuse radio emission in the massive clusters Abell 773 and Abell 1351
• The MeerKAT Massive Distant Clusters Survey: a search for diffuse radio emission in 30 massive SZ-selected clusters at $z>1$
• A LOFAR-uGMRT spectral index study of distant radio halos
• The mechanism of efficient electron acceleration at parallel non-relativistic shocks
• A high-resolution study of the double radio relic system in MACS J1752.0+4440
• Cosmological simulation of a radio synchrotron bridge between pre-merging galaxy clusters
• Low frequency observations of radio relics and halos
• Observations of the galaxy cluster CL 0217+70 and its surrounding region at 1.4 GHz with the Sardinia Radio Telescope
• On the Origin of Diffuse Radio Emission in Abell 85 -- Insights from new GMRT Observations
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. II. Properties of filaments using multi-frequency radio data
• Merger-Driven Turbulence and Coherent Transport in the Intracluster Medium
• Constraints on dark matter annihilation and turbulent reacceleration set by high-frequency observations of the radio halo in the Coma cluster
• Particle Reacceleration by Turbulence and Radio Constraints on Multi-Messenger High-Energy Emission from the Coma Cluster
• Galaxy clusters in the LoTSS-DR3: Catalogues and detection pipeline for diffuse radio emission
• Low-frequency integrated radio spectra of diffuse, steep-spectrum sources in galaxy clusters: palaeontology with the MWA and ASKAP
• A MINOT-based Study of Gamma-ray emission from SPT-CL J2012-5649/Abell 3667
• High-Energy Neutrino Production in Clusters of Galaxies