Is the Observable Universe Consistent with the Cosmological Principle?

Abstract

The Cosmological Principle (CP) -- the notion that the Universe is spatially isotropic and homogeneous on large scales -- underlies a century of progress in cosmology. It is conventionally formulated through the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmologies as the spacetime metric, and culminates in the successful and highly predictive $\Lambda$-Cold-Dark-Matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model. Yet, tensions have emerged within the $\Lambda$CDM model, most notably a statistically significant discrepancy in the value of the Hubble constant, $H_0$. Since the notion of cosmic expansion determined by a single parameter is intimately tied to the CP, implications of the $H_0$ tension may extend beyond $\Lambda$CDM to the CP itself. This review surveys current observational hints for deviations from the expectations of the CP, highlighting synergies and disagreements that warrant further study. Setting aside the debate about individual large structures, potential deviations from the CP include variations of cosmological parameters on the sky, discrepancies in the cosmic dipoles, and mysterious alignments in quasar polarizations and galaxy spins. While it is possible that a host of observational systematics are impacting results, it is equally plausible that precision cosmology may have outgrown the FLRW paradigm, an extremely pragmatic but non-fundamental symmetry assumption.

arXiv commentextended contents and references, 73 pages (excluding references), 30 figures, version accepted for publication in Class. Quant. Grav. "Focus issue on the Hubble constant tension"

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• Tensor Minkowski Functionals for random fields on the sphere
• Asymmetry between galaxies with clockwise handedness and counterclockwise handedness
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• The cosmological principle is not in the sky
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• Multiple measurements of gravitational waves acting as standard probes: model-independent constraints on the cosmic curvature with DECIGO
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• Evolution of polarization orientations in a flat universe with vector perturbations: CMB and quasistellar objects
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• Cosmic structures from a mathematical perspective 1. Dark matter halo mass density profiles
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• Cosmological homogeneity scale estimates are dressed
• Measuring bulk motion of X-ray clusters via the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect: summarizing the "dark flow" evidence and its implications
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• Spin Parity of Spiral Galaxies III -- Dipole Analysis of the Distribution of SDSS Spirals with 3D Random Walk Simulations
• Correlated orientations of the axes of large quasar groups on Gpc scales
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• A Rescaled Subset of the Alternative Data Release 1 of the TIFR GMRT Sky Survey
• 100 years of mathematical cosmology: Models, theories, and problems
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• A Study on the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation with Topological Data Analysis
• Testing isotropy of cosmos with WMAP and PLANCK data
• Local alignments of parsec-scale AGN radiojets
• The Hantzsche-Wendt Manifold in Cosmic Topology
• Recent developments in astrophysical and cosmological exploitation of microwave surveys
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• Electrodynamic effect of anisotropic expansions in the Universe
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• $H_0$ as a Universal FLRW Diagnostic
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• Cosmic Topology of Polyhedral Double-Action Manifolds
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• Variability in Quasar Light Curves: using quasars as standard candles
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• Large-scale asymmetry in galaxy spin directions -- analysis of galaxies with spectra in DES, SDSS, and DESI Legacy Survey
• Anomalies in the topology of the temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background: An analysis of the $\text{NPIPE}$ and $\text{FFP10}$ data releases
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• The Microwave Thermal Emission from the Zodiacal Dust Cloud Predicted with Contemporary Meteoroid Models
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Cited by in corpus (134)

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• Finding origins of CMB anomalies in the inflationary quantum fluctuations
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• Torsion at different scales: from materials to the Universe
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• Observation constraints on scalar field cosmological model in Anisotropic universe
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• The kinematic contribution to the cosmic number count dipole
• Dark energy reconstruction analysis with artificial neural networks: Application on simulated Supernova Ia data from Rubin Observatory
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• Probing the Cosmological Principle with weak lensing shear
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• Exploring Alternative Cosmologies with the LSST: Simulated Forecasts and Current Observational Constraints
• Cosmic dipoles of active galactic nuclei at optical and radio wavelengths display much larger amplitudes than the cosmic microwave background dipole
• Late-Time Anisotropy Sourced by a 2-Form Field Non-Minimally Coupled to Cold Dark Matter
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• What if the universe expands linearly? A local general relativity to solve the "zero active mass" problem
• Cosmic dipole tensions: confronting the cosmic microwave background with infrared and radio populations of cosmological sources
• Alleviating the Hubble Tension with a Local Void and Transitions of the Absolute Magnitude
• Litmus tests of the flat $\Lambda$CDM model and model-independent measurement of $H_0{r}_{\mathrm{d}}$ with LSST and DESI
• First investigation of void statistics in numerical relativity simulations
• Clifford algebra Cl(0,6) approach to beyond the standard model and naturalness problems
• Big Bang in Dipole Cosmology
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• Probing the Anisotropy and Non-Gaussianity in the Redshift Space through the Conditional Moments of the First Derivative
• Constraints on Bianchi-I type universe with SH0ES anchored Pantheon+ SNIa data
• Hubble Diagrams in Statistically Homogeneous, Anisotropic Universes
• Thermal leptogenesis in anisotropic cosmology
• Expanding covariant cosmography of the local Universe: incorporating the snap and axial symmetry
• An Independent Measure of the Kinematic Dipole from SDSS
• Galaxy spin direction asymmetry in JWST deep fields
• Another look on the connections of Hubble tension with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• Redshift drift in a universe with structure III: Numerical relativity
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• QCD axion dark matter and the cosmic dipole problem
• On the convergence of cosmographic expansions in Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi models
• Special Issue on Modified Gravity Approaches to the Tensions of $\Lambda$CDM: Goals and Highlights
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• Primordial gravitational waves from spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking
• Dipolar fluence distribution of statistically isotropic FERMI gamma-ray bursts
• Matter Dipole and Hubble Tension due to Large Wavelength Perturbations
• Dispersion in the Hubble-Lemaître constant measurements from gravitational clustering
• Anisotropic power-law inflation for models of non-canonical scalar fields non-minimally coupled to a two-form field
• Role of internal space correlations in the dynamics of a higher-dimensional Bianchi type-I universe: shear scalar and Hubble parameter perspectives
• Probing the global 21-cm background by velocity-induced dipole and quadrupole anisotropies
• Peculiar velocity effects on the Hubble constant from time-delay cosmography
• Scanning the Universe for Large-Scale Structures using Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A possible solution to the Hubble tension from quantum gravity
• Anisotropic power-law inflation for a generalized model of two scalar and two vector fields
• Cosmological consequences of statistical inhomogeneity
• A simple direct empirical observation of systematic bias of the redshift as a distance indicator
• Reconciling cosmic dipolar tensions with a gigaparsec void
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• No evidence for local $H_0$ anisotropy from Tully--Fisher or supernova distances
• Impact of Redshift Space Distortion on Persistent Homology of cosmic matter density field
• Dynamical Shortcomings in the Generalized SU(2) Proca Theory: Challenges for Cosmic Acceleration
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• CMB low multipole alignments across WMAP and \emph{Planck} data releases
• Revisiting the effect of lens mass models in cosmological applications of strong gravitational lensing
• Cosmic Strings-induced CMB anisotropies in light of Weighted Morphology
• Multifield curved solid: Early dark energy and perturbation instabilities
• Multiscale Cosmic Curvature: from Local Structures to Cosmology
• Constraining the Hubble parameter with the 21 cm brightness temperature signal in a universe with inhomogeneities
• Periodic boundary conditions and $G_2$ cosmology
• Can cosmic rotation resolve the Hubble tension? Constraints from CMB and large-scale structure
• On the anisotropic distribution of clusters in the local Universe
• Quantum geometric formulation of Brans-Dicke theory for Bianchi I spacetime
• Homology reveals significant anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background
• Domain Wall Bianchi Type $V{I}_0$ Universe in $f(R,T)$ Gravity
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• A Review on Resolving the Hubble Tension via Late-Universe Physics
• Signature of $f\left(R\right)$ gravity via Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi inhomogeneous perturbations
• Evolution of Cluster Alignments as Evidence of Large-scale Structure Formation in the Universe
• Galaxy infall models for arbitrary velocity directions
• Asymmetry in galaxy spin directions: a fully reproducible experiment using HSC data
• Spatial anisotropies from long wavelength scalar and tensor modes
• Is it possible to separate baryonic from dark matter within the $\Lambda$-CDM formalism?
• Homogeneous spacetime with shear viscosity
• Backreaction and the Role of Spatial Curvature in the Cosmic Neighborhood
• Induced cosmological anisotropy by a gauge-gravity interaction
• Exploring the cosmic microwave background dipole direction using gamma-ray bursts
• Rates of Strongly Lensed Tidal Disruption Events
• A robust assessment of the local anisotropy of the Hubble constant
• Horndeski in motion
• A Quantitative Framework for Testing the Hubble Tension in a Bianchi Type I Cosmological Background
• Observational Viability of Anisotropic Inflation Revisited
• The Effects of the Gravitational Coupling Variation on the Local $H_0$ Estimation
• Probing the Cosmological Principle with CMB lensing and cosmic shear
• Confirming the uniformity of the Hubble flow with Pantheon+ Supernovae
• Matter-antimatter asymmetry in a rotating universe: Dirac spinors in axisymmetric Bianchi IX cosmology
• An effective $\mathbf{\Lambda }$-Szekeres modelling of the local Universe with Cosmicflows-4
• Power-law Bianchi type I inflation with multiple vector fields
• Cosmological perturbations on an averaged background
• Revisiting the CMB homogeneity scale: low multipoles removal effect and extragalactic foreground masking
• Detector induced anisotropies on the angular distribution of gravitational wave sources and opportunities of constraining horizon scale anisotropies
• CMB line-of-sight integrators for nearly-isotropic cosmological models
• Cosmological mirror symmetry and gravitational-wave helicity
• The Ellis and Baldwin test of the Cosmic Dipole: Exploring the impact of multiple flux density cuts
• Testing the cosmological principle on gigaparsec scales
• Measuring peculiar velocity and tomographic redshift dipole with DESI DR1 catalogs