Measurements of the Hubble Constant: Tensions in Perspective

Abstract

Measurement of the distances to nearby galaxies have improved rapidly in recent decades. The ever-present challenge is to reduce systematic effects, especially as greater distances are probed, and the uncertainties become larger. In this paper, we combine several recent calibrations of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) method. These calibrations are internally self-consistent at the 1% level. New Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) data provide an additional consistency check, at a (lower) 5% level of accuracy, a result of the well-documented Gaia angular covariance bias. The updated TRGB calibration applied to a distant sample of Type Ia supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project results in a value of the Hubble constant of Ho = 69.8 $\pm$ 0.6 (stat) $\pm$ 1.6 (sys) km/s/Mpc. No statistically significant difference is found between the value of Ho based on the TRGB and that determined from measurements of the cosmic microwave background. The TRGB results are also consistent to within 2$\sigma$ with the SHoES and Spitzer plus HST Key Project Cepheid calibrations. The TRGB results alone do not demand additional new physics beyond the standard Lambda-CDM cosmological model. They have the advantage of simplicity of the underlying physics (the core He flash) and small systematic uncertainties (from extinction, metallicity and crowding). Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of both the TRGB and Cepheids are reviewed, and prospects for addressing the current discrepancy with future Gaia, HST and JWST observations are discussed. Resolving this discrepancy is essential for ascertaining if the claimed tension in Ho between the locally-measured and the CMB-inferred value is physically motivated.

arXiv comment48 pages, 13 figures; accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• Crosschecking Cosmic Distances from DESI BAO and DES SNe
• Fundamental Physics in 2025: Status, Decisive Targets, and Path Forward
• Nonlinear Matter Power Spectrum from relativistic $N$-body Simulations: ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$CDM versus $\Lambda$CDM
• A Review on Resolving the Hubble Tension via Late-Universe Physics
• M33 Cepheids from CFHT/MegaCAM survey
• Inference of matter power spectrum at z=0 using DESI DR1 Full-Shape data
• Characterising the Standardisation Properties of Type Ia Supernovae in the z band with Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling
• Constraining the Hubble parameter with the 21 cm brightness temperature signal in a universe with inhomogeneities
• Do JWST reionization (optical depth) puzzle, cosmological tensions, and CMB anomalies imply Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum?
• Zwicky Transient Facility and Globular Clusters: the gr-Band Period-Luminosity Relations for Mira Variables at Maximum Light and Their Applications to Local Galaxies
• ZTF SN Ia DR2: Exploring SN Ia properties in the vicinity of under-dense environments
• Changing CO Bands in Near-IR Spectra of CP Cephei
• Constraining decaying dark matter with BOSS data and the effective field theory of large-scale structures
• Automated Identification of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch in Globular Clusters with Gaia Data
• New theoretical predictions on Type II Cepheids: towards a self consistent Pop. II distance scale
• The magnitude of the dark ages 21-cm signal in the context of existing early and late time constraints on $\Lambda$CDM
• Brans-Dicke-like field for co-varying $G$ and $c$: observational constraints
• The Hubble Tension: Relativistic Dark Matter Production from Long-lived Particles
• The Luminosity of the Darkness: Schechter function in dark sirens
• Time delay measurements with Broken Power Law model
• HOLISMOKES -- XVIII. Cosmology with strongly lensed type II supernovae: Effects of instrumental setups on $H_0$
• Late-time cosmological constraints on three holographic dark energy models with DESI DR2 BAO and Type Ia supernovae
• Redshift Duality with Pantheon+SH0ES in a Planck-anchored Flat $\Lambda$CDM Framework: Implications for Hubble Tension and Observational Inference
• Statistical consistency of sign-switching vacuum energy with cosmological observations
• Yellow Post-Asymptotic-Giant-Branch Stars as Standard Candles. I. Calibration of the Luminosity Function in Galactic Globular Clusters
• Parametrized post-Newtonian formalism in higher-order Teleparallel Gravity
• Probing dark energy using anisotropies in the clustering of post-EoR HI distribution
• Limits on the Inferred Hubble Constant Bias from a Local McVittie Gravitational Field
• Evolution of superhorizon perturbations in early Universe with anisotropic solid remnant
• The Astrophysical Distance Scale: V. A 2% Distance to the Local Group Spiral M33 via the JAGB Method, Tip of the Red Giant Branch, and Leavitt Law
• Is the $\Lambda$CDM Model in Crisis?
• Yano-Schrödinger Hyperfluid: Cosmological Implications
• A summary of instruments proposed for observing pulsating variables from the Mt. Abu Observatory
• An effective fluid description of scalar-vector-tensor theories under the sub-horizon and quasi-static approximations
• On the True Significance of the Hubble Tension: A Bayesian Error Decomposition Accounting for Information Loss
• The vertical structure of the stellar disk in NGC 551
• A Study of Systematics on the Cosmological Inference of the Hubble Constant from Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens
• Semiresolved Stellar Populations as Distance Indicators