Retrospective Search for Strongly Lensed Supernovae in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys

Abstract

The introduction of deep wide-field surveys in recent years and the adoption of machine learning techniques have led to the discoveries of $\mathcal{O}(10^4)$ strong gravitational lensing systems and candidates. However, the discovery of multiply lensed transients remains a rarity. Lensed transients and especially lensed supernovae are invaluable tools to cosmology as they allow us to constrain cosmological parameters via lens modeling and the measurements of their time delays. In this paper, we develop a pipeline to perform a targeted lensed transient search. We apply this pipeline to 5807 strong lenses and candidates, identified in the literature, in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 9 (DR9) footprint. For each system, we analyze every exposure in all observed bands (DECam $g$, $r$, and $z$). Our pipeline finds, groups, and ranks detections that are in sufficient proximity temporally and spatially. After the first round of inspection, for promising candidate systems, we further examine the newly available DR10 data (with additional $i$ and $\text{Y}$ bands). Here we present our targeted lensed supernova search pipeline and seven new lensed supernova candidates, including a very likely lensed supernova $-$ probably a Type Ia $-$ in a system with an Einstein radius of $\sim 1.5^{\prime \prime }$.

arXiv comment53 pages, 50 figures, 3 tables

References in corpus (63)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant
• Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
• Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction
• Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• The Hubble Space Telescope Cluster Supernova Survey: V. Improving the Dark Energy Constraints Above z>1 and Building an Early-Type-Hosted Supernova Sample
• H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of $H_0$ from lensed quasars: $5.3\sigma$ tension between early and late-Universe probes
• The Dark Energy Camera
• The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy - an overview
• The Pantheon+ Analysis: The Full Dataset and Light-Curve Release
• SALT2: using distant supernovae to improve the use of Type Ia supernovae as distance indicators
• Cosmic Distances Calibrated to 1% Precision with Gaia EDR3 Parallaxes and Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of 75 Milky Way Cepheids Confirm Tension with LambdaCDM
• The Supernova Legacy Survey 3-year sample: Type Ia Supernovae photometric distances and cosmological constraints
• Measurements of the Hubble Constant: Tensions in Perspective
• Second Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• Gravitationally lensed quasars and supernovae in future wide-field optical imaging surveys
• A large Hα survey at z=2.23, 1.47, 0.84 & 0.40: the 11 Gyr evolution of star-forming galaxies from HiZELS
• The Dark Energy Survey Data Release 2
• Multiple Images of a Highly Magnified Supernova Formed by an Early-Type Cluster Galaxy Lens
• The death of massive stars - II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type Ibc supernovae
• Proper image subtraction - optimal transient detection, photometry and hypothesis testing
• iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova
• Star Formation and the Growth of Stellar Mass
• The Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II Supernova Survey
• A New Algorithm For Difference Image Analysis
• The Clustering of DESI-like Luminous Red Galaxies Using Photometric Redshifts
• Simulations of the WFIRST Supernova Survey and Forecasts of Cosmological Constraints
• SALT3: An Improved Type Ia Supernova Model for Measuring Cosmic Distances
• Absolute-Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae
• The Star Formation Rate Function for Redshift z~4-7 Galaxies: Evidence for a Uniform Build-Up of Star-Forming Galaxies During the First 3 Gyr of Cosmic Time
• Finding strong lenses in CFHTLS using convolutional neural networks
• A Highly Magnified Star at Redshift 6.2
• Deja Vu All Over Again: The Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal
• The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. XIII. Discovery of 40 New Galaxy-Scale Strong Lenses
• High Redshift Supernovae in the Hubble Deep Field
• Finding Strong Gravitational Lenses in the DESI DECam Legacy Survey
• Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova
• Discovering New Strong Gravitational Lenses in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• SN Refsdal : Photometry and Time Delay Measurements of the First Einstein Cross Supernova
• GRB 020410: A Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Discovered by its Supernova Light
• HOLISMOKES -- II. Identifying galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses in Pan-STARRS using convolutional neural networks
• LensExtractor: A Convolutional Neural Network in Search of Strong Gravitational Lenses
• Survey of Gravitationally-lensed Objects in HSC Imaging (SuGOHI). II. Environments and Line-of-Sight Structure of Strong Gravitational Lens Galaxies to z ~ 0.8
• On the accuracy of time-delay cosmography in the Frontier Fields Cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 with supernova Refsdal
• Spectrophotometric templates for core collapse supernovae and their application in simulations of time-domain surveys
• HOLISMOKES -- I. Highly Optimised Lensing Investigations of Supernovae, Microlensing Objects, and Kinematics of Ellipticals and Spirals
• Image Subtraction in Fourier Space
• HOLISMOKES. VI. New galaxy-scale strong lens candidates from the HSC-SSP imaging survey
• Mining for Strong Gravitational Lenses with Self-supervised Learning
• First Cosmology Results Using Type Ia Supernovae From the Dark Energy Survey: Survey Overview and Supernova Spectroscopy
• HOLISMOKES. VIII. High-redshift, strong-lens search in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• The Hubble constant from strongly lensed supernovae with standardizable magnifications
• Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images
• Magnification, dust and time-delay constraints from the first resolved strongly lensed Type Ia supernova
• Prediction of Supernova Rates in Known Galaxy-galaxy Strong-lens Systems
• LensWatch: I. Resolved HST Observations and Constraints on the Strongly-Lensed Type Ia Supernova 2022qmx ("SN Zwicky")
• A Bayesian Hierarchical Approach to Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing
• VLT/Magellan spectroscopy of 29 strong lensing selected galaxy clusters

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Strong gravitational lensing and microlensing of supernovae
• New Strong Gravitational Lenses from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 9
• Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across 0.1 < z < 0.9
• A Targeted Search for Variable Gravitationally Lensed Quasars
• Differencing and Coadding JWST Images with Matched Point Spread Function
• Detection of Unresolved Strongly Lensed Supernovae with 7-Dimensional Telescope