The Pantheon+ Analysis: The Full Dataset and Light-Curve Release

Abstract

Here we present 1701 light curves of 1550 spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that will be used to infer cosmological parameters as part of the Pantheon+ SN analysis and the SH0ES (Supernovae and H0 for the Equation of State of dark energy) distance-ladder analysis. This effort is one part of a series of works that perform an extensive review of redshifts, peculiar velocities, photometric calibration, and intrinsic-scatter models of SNe Ia. The total number of light curves, which are compiled across 18 different surveys, is a significant increase from the first Pantheon analysis (1048 SNe), particularly at low redshift ($z$). Furthermore, unlike in the Pantheon analysis, we include light curves for SNe with $z<0.01$ such that SN systematic covariance can be included in a joint measurement of the Hubble constant (H${}_0$) and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter ($w$). We use the large sample to compare properties of 151 SNe Ia observed by multiple surveys and 12 pairs/triplets of "SN siblings" - SNe found in the same host galaxy. Distance measurements, application of bias corrections, and inference of cosmological parameters are discussed in the companion paper by Brout et al. (2022b), and the determination of H${}_0$ is discussed by Riess et al. (2022). These analyses will measure w with $\sim 3\%$ precision and H${}_0$ with 1 km/s/Mpc precision.

arXiv commentSubmitted to ApJL. Comments welcome. Papers and data release here: https://github.com/PantheonPlusSH0ES/PantheonPlusSH0ES.github.io

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• Cosmology on a Gravitational Wave Background
• BBN to Late-Time Acceleration in $f(T,{\mathcal{L}}_m)$ Gravity
• Dynamical Oscillations in Dark Energy: Joint Constraints on the $w_{sin}$CDM Model from DESI, OHD, and Supernova Samples
• Propagating Uncertainties in the SALT3 Model Training Process to Cosmological Constraints
• Anisotropy in the cosmic acceleration inferred from supernovae
• Constraints on Generalized Gravity-Thermodynamic Cosmology from DESI DR2
• An Accelerating Flat FLRW Model with Observation Constraints and Dynamic $\Lambda$
• Cosmic expansion beyond $\Lambda$CDM: Investigating power-law and logarithmic corrections
• Stretch to stretch, dust to dust: lower-value local $H_0$ measurement from two-population modelling of type Ia supernovae
• Reconciling cosmic dipolar tensions with a gigaparsec void
• No evidence for local $H_0$ anisotropy from Tully--Fisher or supernova distances
• Observational constraints on cosmological parameters in the Bianchi type III Universe with f(R,T) gravity theory
• Analytic auto-differentiable $\Lambda$CDM cosmography
• An investigation of a varying G through Strong Lensing and SNe Ia observations
• Quintom Dark Energy: Future Attractor and Phantom Crossing in Light of DESI DR2 Observation
• FIMP Dark Matter in bulk viscous non-standard cosmologies
• KiDS-Legacy: Constraints on Horndeski gravity from weak lensing combined with galaxy clustering and cosmic microwave background anisotropies
• Hubble Tension and Dark Energy in Teleparallel Gauss-Bonnet Gravity: New Constraints from DESI BAO, Pantheon${}^{+}$ and Hubble Data
• Anisotropic cosmology in Bumblebee gravity theory
• Evaluating a Sigmoid Dark Energy Model to Explain the Hubble Tension
• Late Time Phenomena in $f(T,\mathcal{T})$ Gravity Framework: Role of $H_0$ Priors
• Constraints on cosmological parameters and CMB first acoustic peak in conformal Killing gravity
• Revisiting Cosmic Distance Duality with Megamasers and DESI DR2 Observations: Model Independent Constraints on Early-Late Calibration
• Cosmological constraints in symmetric teleparallel gravity with bulk viscosity
• Improving the Determination of Supernova Cosmological Redshifts by Using Galaxy Groups
• Revisiting the Hubble constant, sound horizon and cosmography from late-time Universe observations
• Dark Energy Constraints from Pantheon+ Ia Supernovae Data
• On the Field Theoretical Description of an Alternative Model to Generalized Chaplygin Gas and its Thermodynamic Behaviour
• Confronting dark energy in Harada's Conformal Killing Gravity with observational data
• Role of Spatial Curvature in a Dark Energy Interacting Model
• Biases in velocity reconstruction: investigating the effects on growth rate and expansion measurements in the local universe
• Model independent calibration for sound horizon combining observations of supernovae and transversal BAO measurements
• Cosmic acceleration and the Hubble tension from baryon acoustic oscillation data
• Particle Production Scenario in an Algebraically Coupled Quintessence Field with a Dark Matter Fluid
• Off-diagonal solutions in Einsteingravity modeling f(R) gravity and dynamical darkenergy vs Lambda CDM cosmology
• Gravitational Core of Double Field Theory: Lecture Notes
• Gamma-Ray Bursts Calibrated by Using Artificial Neural Networks from the Pantheon+ Sample
• Testing the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation with Neural Kernel Gaussian Process Regression
• Cosmological Constraints on Neutrino Masses in a Second-Order CPL Dark Energy Model
• A Joint Analysis of Strong Lensing and Type Ia Supernovae to Determine the Hubble Constant
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Constraints on Ultra-light Axion Dark Matter through Galaxy Cluster Number Counts
• To CPL, or not to CPL? What we have not learned about the dark energy equation of state
• Investigating the Redshift Evolution of Lensing Galaxy Density Slopes via Model-Independent Distance Ratios
• Crosschecking Cosmic Distances from DESI BAO and DES SNe
• KiDS-Legacy: Constraining dark energy, neutrino mass, and curvature
• Late-time Cosmology without Dark Sector but with Closed String Massless Sector
• Dynamical Dark Energy Signatures from a New Transition $Om(z)$ Parametrization in Flat FLRW Cosmology
• Testing the Constancy of Type Ia Supernova Luminosities with Gaussian Process
• ZTF SN~Ia DR2: Cosmology-independent constraints on Type Ia supernova standardisation from supernova siblings
• Neutrino Interactions with perturbed Rastall Gravity: A Novel Approach to Reducing the Hubble Tension
• Probing Time-Varying Dark Energy with DESI: The Crucial Role of Precision Matter Density (Ω_{m0}) Measurements
• Cosmology in energy-momentum squared symmetric teleparallel gravity
• A semi-cosmographic approach to study cosmological evolution in phase space
• Neutrino mass limits and decaying dark matter: background evolution versus perturbations
• Testing the Distance Duality Relation with Cosmological Observations at high Redshift using Artificial Neural Network
• Observational constraints on the modified cosmology inspired by string T-duality
• Diagnostic Consistency Tests of the Concordance Cosmology
• Cosmological implications and causality in $f(R,L_m,T)$ gravity theory with observational constraints
• The Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program results: Type Ia Supernova brightness correlates with host galaxy dust
• Reconstruction of Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy via Modified Non-Metric Gravity: An $f(Q,C)$ Approach
• Analytic Marginalization over Binary Variables in Physics Data
• Conformal Killing Gravity: New Constraints from DESI DR2 BAO datasets
• Observational constraints on Luciano-Saridakis entropic cosmology
• Anchors no more: Using peculiar velocities to constrain $H_0$ and the primordial Universe without calibrators
• Modified Compton Effect and CMB Anisotropy
• SN 2025ogs: A Spectroscopically-Normal Type Ia Supernova at z = 2 as a Benchmark for Redshift Evolution
• Geometric acceleration in $f(Q,C)$ theories
• Implications of $f(R)$ gravity on late-time cosmic structure growth through a complete description of density perturbations
• Is it possible to separate baryonic from dark matter within the $\Lambda$-CDM formalism?
• Probing Interacting Dark Sectors with upcoming Post-Reionization and Galaxy Surveys
• The DESI DR1 Peculiar Velocity Survey: global zero-point and $H_0$ constraints
• Dusty Clump Survival in Supernova Ejecta: Dust-Mediated Growth vs. Crushing by the Reverse Shock
• Exploring the cosmological degeneracy between decaying dark matter model and viscous $\Lambda$CDM
• Inference of cosmological models with principal component analysis
• Cosmological Dynamics of Exponential Quintessence Constrained by BAO, Cosmic Chronometers, and DES-SN5YR/Pantheon+ Data
• A robust assessment of the local anisotropy of the Hubble constant
• Agegraphic dark energy from entropy of the anti-de Sitter black hole
• A comprehensive dynamical and phenomenological analysis of structure growth in curvature-modulated coupled quintessence scenario
• Dark Energy After DESI DR2: Observational Status, Reconstructions, and Physical Models
• Testing Linearly Coasting Cosmology by Strong Lensing System and Pantheon+ Data
• Observational constraints on phenomenological emergent dark energy and barotropic dark matter characterized by a constant equation of state parameter
• Holographic dark energy in a coasting cosmology
• Induced cosmological anisotropy by a gauge-gravity interaction
• Theoretical Consistency and Observational Constraints on Entropic Cosmology
• Structural Limitations on Constraining the Time Evolution of Dark Energy
• Cosmological and lunar laser ranging constraints on evolving dark energy in a nonminimally coupled curvature-matter gravity model
• Genetic algorithm demystified for cosmological parameter estimation
• Controlled Tension Forecasting: Quantifying Cross-Probe Biases in ${\omega }_0{\omega }_a$CDM
• A Spectrum of Cosmological Rips and Their Observational Signatures
• Revisiting the Matter Creation Process: Observational Constraints on Gravitationally Induced Dark Energy and the Hubble Tension
• Dust matter cosmology in modified symmetric teleparallel $f(Q,T)$ gravity
• The Lambert $W$ equation of state in light of DESI BAO
• $S_8$ from peculiar velocities: agreement with Planck for Tully--Fisher and supernovae, tension for the fundamental plane
• Scaling solutions in three-form cosmology
• Kinematic reconstruction of torsion as dark energy in Friedmann cosmology
• Constraints on AvERA Cosmologies from Cosmic Chronometers and Type Ia Supernovae
• A Quantum Genetic Algorithm with application to Cosmological Parameters Estimation
• Reconstructing the Type Ia Supernova Absolute Magnitude with Two-Probe Physics-Informed Neural Networks
• FlowSN: Neural Simulation-Based Inference under Realistic Selection Effects applied to Supernova Cosmology
• Observational and Thermodynamic aspects of one-dimensional Dark Energy EoS parametrization models
• Training Custom Light Curve Models of SN Ia Sub-Populations Selected According to Host Galaxy Properties
• Background-level reconstruction of scalar-field potentials from dark-energy histories and comparison with analytic potential families
• Statistical consistency of sign-switching vacuum energy with cosmological observations
• Joint Curvature and Growth Rate measurements with Supernova Peculiar Velocities and the CMB
• Model-independent reconstruction of cosmic thermodynamics and dark energy dynamics
• Beyond the Cosmological Constant: Breaking the Geometric Degeneracy of $f(Q)$ cosmology via Redshift-Space Distortions
• Breaking Free from the Swampland of Impossible Universes through the DESI Portal
• Constraining Spatial Curvature with Priors from Swampland Conjectures
• Preliminary cosmological results using extreme accretors Quasar formalism
• Redshift Duality with Pantheon+SH0ES in a Planck-anchored Flat $\Lambda$CDM Framework: Implications for Hubble Tension and Observational Inference
• Kinematic Probes of Type-II MMG: Padé Cosmographic Analysis of VCDM
• Observational Constraints and Cosmological Dynamics of Interacting Fractional Holographic Dark Energy in Light of DESI DR2
• Sample Variance for Supernovae Distance Measurements and the Hubble tension
• Revisiting the Hubble Tension with DESI DR2 Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Observations and Machine Learning Methods
• Testing the CCC+TL cosmology with cosmic-chronometer measurements of the Hubble parameter
• A hybrid method for reconstruction of the equation of state of dark energy and its application to Pantheon+SH0ES data
• Late-time cosmological constraints on three holographic dark energy models with DESI DR2 BAO and Type Ia supernovae
• Investigating a Possible Variation of the Gravitational Constant Through Gas Mass Fraction Measurements and Type Ia Supernovae Observations
• Systematic Light Propagation Bias from the Heliosphere and Its Impact on the Hubble Tension
• Thermodynamic reconstruction in observationally constrained dynamical dark energy models
• Testing the Anton-Schmidt dark energy model with the DESI DR2 measurements
• On dark sector scalar field theories driven by cosmological $c$-fields
• Modifying $\Lambda$CDM dynamics via out-of-equilibrium axions: reconciling SH0ES and DESI $H_0$ values
• No preference for generalized emergent dark energy from current cosmological data
• Revisiting the equation of state of dark energy from DESI BAO with SNe Ia and CMB
• Viscous matter in modified $f(R)$-gravity: Hubble tension attenuation with DESI and SH0ES data
• On the energy flow of $\lambda$ in Hořava-Lifshitz cosmology
• Aletheia: Emulating the non-linear matter power spectrum in the context of evolution mapping
• APES: Approximate Posterior Ensemble Sampler
• Running Einstein Constant and a Possible Vacuum State of the Universe
• Constraints on the Modified Emergent Dark Energy Model Using DESI DR2 BAO
• Testing a Sign-Switch Cosmological Model with Curvature through Latest Planck 2018, DESI DR2 and PantheonPlus\&SH0ES Observational Data
• From Geometry to Observation: Gravitational Waves and the Raychaudhuri Equation
• Cosmic Dipoles from Large-Scale Structure Surveys
• How to embed any likelihood into SBI: Application to Planck + Stage IV galaxy surveys and Dynamical Dark Energy
• How Dark is Dark Energy? A Lightcones Comparison Approach
• Cosmology of Cubic Poincaré Gauge gravity
• Nature-inspired optimization, the Philippine Eagle, and cosmological parameter estimation
• The Effect of Foreground Galaxies on the Estimation of the Hubble Constant from Type Ia Supernovae
• A Bayesian estimator for peculiar velocity correction in cosmological inference from supernovae data
• Extended datasamples under the lens of Brane World Theory
• Running Hubble Constant with the Redshift as a Marker of Evolutionary Dark Energy
• Cosmological Implications of Thermodynamic Split Conjecture
• Confirming the uniformity of the Hubble flow with Pantheon+ Supernovae
• A speed limit on tachyon fields from cosmological and fine-structure data