Brans-Dicke-like field for co-varying and : observational constraints
arXiv:2509.09211 · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag391
Abstract
Ref. [Symmetry 15 (2023) 709] introduced a Brans-Dicke-like framework wherein the scalar field is composed of both and which, for this reason, co-vary according to . In this paper, we use observational data to constrain the supposed co-varying and , under the hypothesis of the validity of the standard Lemaitre formula . The datasets include SN Ia, BAO and the value of extracted from CMB data. A proxy function is demanded for the varying since the framework does not provide a closed set of equations for computing the functional form of either or uniquely. Accordingly, we choose three separate parameterizations for inspired both by desirable properties of the varying speed of light (VSL) and by successful phenomenological models from the literature -- including the one by Gupta (CCC framework in e.g. Ref. [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 498 (2020) 4481-4491]. When combined with DESI, Pantheon+ data strongly favor a variable speed of light with more than confidence level for all parameterizations considered in this paper, whereas Union2.1 suggests no variation of the speed of light. As we shall demonstrate, this apparent discrepancy is due to a strong correlation that emerges between and VSL.
25 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables
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