Beyond $\Lambda$CDM: Problems, solutions, and the road ahead

Abstract

Despite its continued observational successes, there is a persistent (and growing) interest in extending cosmology beyond the standard model, $\Lambda$CDM. This is motivated by a range of apparently serious theoretical issues, involving such questions as the cosmological constant problem, the particle nature of dark matter, the validity of general relativity on large scales, the existence of anomalies in the CMB and on small scales, and the predictivity and testability of the inflationary paradigm. In this paper, we summarize the current status of $\Lambda$CDM as a physical theory, and review investigations into possible alternatives along a number of different lines, with a particular focus on highlighting the most promising directions. While the fundamental problems are proving reluctant to yield, the study of alternative cosmologies has led to considerable progress, with much more to come if hopes about forthcoming high-precision observations and new theoretical ideas are fulfilled.

99 pages, 8 figures. Version published in Physics of the Dark Universe

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• A mechanism to generate varying speed of light via Higgs-dilaton coupling: Theory and cosmological applications
• What laboratory experiments can teach us about cosmology: A chameleon example
• Large, fast and accurate HI intensity maps with latent overlap diffusion
• Quasilinear observables in dark energy cosmologies
• Geodesic dynamics and multi-inclination images of a non-minimally coupled black hole with a thin accretion disk
• Cosmological Constraints on f(T,B) Gravity from Observations of Early and Late Universe
• Quantum-Corrected Thermodynamics of Conformal Weyl Gravity Black Holes: GUP Effects and Phase Transitions
• Brans-Dicke-like field for co-varying $G$ and $c$: observational constraints
• Is Dark Energy Increasing or Decreasing in the Late Universe?
• A test of invariance of halo surface density for FIRE-2 simulations with cold dark matter and self-interacting dark matter
• Post-Newtonian limit of generalized scalar-teleparallel theories of gravity
• Higgs-Induced Screening Mechanisms in Scalar-Tensor Theories
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Is it possible to separate baryonic from dark matter within the $\Lambda$-CDM formalism?
• Spatial anisotropies from long wavelength scalar and tensor modes
• Effects of dynamical friction on perturbations for evolving dark energy
• Model independent reconstruction of cosmological accelerated-decelerated phase
• Cosmological constraints on the big bang quantum cosmology model
• A semi-cosmographic approach to study cosmological evolution in phase space
• Cluster optical depth and pairwise velocity estimation using machine learning
• Self-interacting scalar field in (2+1) dimensions Einstein gravity with torsion
• Thermodynamics and optical aspects of ModMax black holes in higher order curvature gravity with quintessence dark energy
• Resolution of the cosmological constant problem by unimodular gravity and signature reversal symmetry
• Integrability of anti-self-dual vacuum Einstein equations with nonzero cosmological constant: an infinite hierarchy of nonlocal conservation laws
• Production of Primordial Gravitational Waves in Teleparallel Gravity
• DHOST gravity in Ultra-diffuse galaxies -- Part I: the case of NGC1052-DF2
• Globally Stable Dark Energy in $F(R)$ Gravity
• Finite time pseudo-rip singularity in cosmology
• Void probability function in the Quijote simulations
• Thermalon mediated AdS to dS phase transitions in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-massive gravity
• Thermodynamic formulation of Cotton gravity in the Codazzi parametrization
• Pre-main sequence evolution of low-mass stars in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity
• The dynamics of background evolution and structure formation in phase space: a semi-cosmographic reconstruction
• Cosmology with a Non-minimally Coupled Dark Matter Fluid I. Background Evolution
• Universality of the halo mass function in modified gravity cosmologies
• Kinematic reconstruction of torsion as dark energy in Friedmann cosmology