The Milky Way's bright satellites as an apparent failure of LCDM

Abstract

We use the Aquarius simulations to show that the most massive subhalos in galaxy-mass dark matter halos in LCDM are grossly inconsistent with the dynamics of the brightest Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxies. While the best-fitting hosts of the dwarf spheroidals all have 12 < Vmax < 25 km/s, LCDM simulations predict at least ten subhalos with Vmax > 25 km/s. These subhalos are also among the most massive at earlier times, and significantly exceed the UV suppression mass back to z ~ 10. No LCDM-based model of the satellite population of the Milky Way explains this result. The problem lies in the satellites' densities: it is straightforward to match the observed Milky Way luminosity function, but doing so requires the dwarf spheroidals to have dark matter halos that are a factor of ~5 more massive than is observed. Independent of the difficulty in explaining the absence of these dense, massive subhalos, there is a basic tension between the derived properties of the bright Milky Way dwarf spheroidals and LCDM expectations. The inferred infall masses of these galaxies are all approximately equal and are much lower than standard LCDM predictions for systems with their luminosities. Consequently, their implied star formation efficiencies span over two orders of magnitude, from 0.2% to 20% of baryons converted into stars, in stark contrast with expectations gleaned from more massive galaxies. We explore possible solutions to these problems within the context of LCDM and find them to be unconvincing. In particular, we use controlled simulations to demonstrate that the small stellar masses of the bright dwarf spheroidals make supernova feedback an unlikely explanation for their low inferred densities.

18 pages, 10 figures; matches version published in MNRAS

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• Nonlinear resonant oscillation of gravitational potential induced by ultralight axion in $f(R)$ gravity
• Late-time vacuum phase transitions: Connecting sub-eV scale physics with cosmological structure formation
• Seeking Observable Imprints of Small-Scale Structure on the Properties of Dark Matter Haloes
• Tidal stirring of satellites with shallow density profiles prevents them from being too big to fail
• Cold versus Warm Dark Matter simulations of a galaxy group
• Identifying galaxy candidates in WSRT HI imaging of ultra-compact high velocity clouds
• Tidal features of classical Milky Way satellites in a $\Lambda$CDM universe
• The galaxy-halo connection of disc galaxies over six orders of magnitude in stellar mass
• SN-driven mechanism of cusp-core transformation: an appraisal
• Modified Dark Matter: Relating Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter
• A method for evaluating models that use galaxy rotation curves to derive the density profiles
• Singlet extension of the MSSM as a solution to the small cosmological scale anomalies
• The baryon cycle of Seven Dwarfs with superbubble feedback
• The Local Group's mass: probably no more than the sum of its parts
• Small scale clustering of late forming dark matter
• Evidence for Substructure in Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy using a Bayesian Object Detection Method
• Inflation that runs naturally: Gravitational waves and suppression of power at large and small scales
• Herschel and JCMT observations of the early-type dwarf galaxy NGC 205
• The ages of stellar populations in a warm dark matter universe
• Sizing from the Smallest Scales: The Mass of the Milky Way
• New Surface Brightness Fluctuations Spectroscopic Technique: NGC4449 and its Stellar Tidal Stream
• Current constraints on early and stressed dark energy models and future 21 cm perspectives
• Structure formation in a mixed dark matter model with decaying sterile neutrino: the 3.5 keV X-ray line and the Galactic substructure
• Push it to the limit: Local Group constraints on high-redshift stellar mass functions for Mstar > 10^5 Msun
• Snowmass-2013 Cosmic Frontier 3 (CF3) Working Group Summary: Non-WIMP dark matter
• Small scale structures in coupled scalar field dark matter
• The potential role of NGC 205 in generating Andromeda's vast thin co-rotating plane of satellite galaxies
• Warm Dark Haloes Accretion Histories and their Gravitational Signatures
• Statistical challenges in the search for dark matter
• Strongly Interacting Neutrino Portal Dark Matter
• Enhanced Early Galaxy Formation in JWST from Axion Dark Matter?
• Asymmetric dark matter with a spontaneously broken $U(1{)}^{\prime }$: self-interaction and gravitational waves
• Pantheon+ constraints on dark energy and modified gravity: An evidence of dynamical dark energy
• Galaxy Tagging: photometric redshift refinement and group richness enhancement
• Probing cold dark matter subhalos with simulated ALMA observations of macrolensed sub-mm galaxies
• Analysis on the black hole formations inside old neutron stars by isospin-violating dark matter with self-interaction
• The Merian Survey: Design, Construction, and Characterization of a Filter Set Optimized to Find Dwarf Galaxies and Measure their Dark Matter Halo Properties with Weak Lensing
• Dwarf galaxies as a probe of a primordially magnetized Universe
• Predictions for the FAST telescope's CRAFTS Extra-Galactic HI Survey
• Star forming filaments in warm dark matter models
• Structural properties of artificial halos in non-standard dark matter simulations
• Constraining warm dark matter mass with cosmic reionization and gravitational wave
• On the Mass Assembly History of the Local Group
• Estimation of the masses in the Local Group by Gradient Boosted Decision Trees
• X-ray morphology of cluster-mass haloes in self-interacting dark matter
• Towards realistic $f(T)$ models with nonminimal torsion-matter coupling extension
• Dark Stars and Gravitational Waves: Topical Review
• X-Ray Shapes of Elliptical Galaxies and Implications for Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Isotropic extragalactic flux from dark matter annihilations: lessons from interacting dark matter scenarios
• MIND THE GAP: Is The Too Big To Fail Problem Resolved?
• Minimum star-forming halo mass in axion cosmology
• Fitting a Self-Interacting Dark Matter Model to Data Ranging From Satellite Galaxies to Galaxy Clusters
• A too-many dwarf satellite galaxies problem in the MATLAS low-to-moderate density fields
• Mass assembly history and infall time of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• On the dark matter haloes inner structure and galaxy morphology
• Semi-Analytic Galaxy Formation in Massive Neutrino Cosmologies
• Dark Matter in Fractional Gravity I: Astrophysical Tests on Galactic Scales
• Non-sphericity of ultralight axion dark matter haloes in the Galactic dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Probing Oscillons of Ultra-Light Axion-like Particle by 21cm Forest
• Cosmological phase transitions, gravitational waves and self-interacting dark matter in the singlet extension of MSSM
• Dwarf Galaxy Sized Monopoles as Dark Matter?
• Matching the mass function of Milky Way satellites in competing dark matter models
• Explaining the observed velocity dispersion of dwarf galaxies by baryonic mass loss during the first collapse
• Sloshing of Galaxy Cluster Core Plasma in the Presence of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Decaying axinolike dark matter: Discriminative solution to small-scale issues
• Constraining the nature of dark matter with the star formation history of the faintest Local Group dwarf galaxy satellites
• GHOSTS I: A New Faint very Isolated Dwarf Galaxy at D = 12 +/- 2 Mpc
• Universal scaling laws and density slope for dark matter haloes
• Impact of distance determinations on Galactic structure. II. Old tracers
• Imprints of Non-thermal Wino Dark Matter on Small-Scale Structure
• A self-consistent hydrostatic mass modelling of pressure supported dwarf galaxy Leo T
• A Comparison of Outflow Properties in AGN Dwarfs vs. Star Forming Dwarfs
• Origin and Evolution of Structure and Nucleosynthesis for Galaxies in the Local Group
• An Extra-Dimensional Model of Dark Matter
• Extragalactic HI survey with FAST : First look of the pilot survey results
• Spectroscopic confirmation of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy d0944+71 as a member of the M81 group of galaxies
• The gap of stellar mass in galaxy groups: another perspective of the Too-big-To-Fail problem in the Milky Way
• Acausality in Superfluid Dark Matter and MOND-like Theories
• Orbital pericenters and the inferred dark matter halo structure of satellite galaxies
• Spherical collapse and virialization in $f(T)$ gravities
• Wormholes and masses for Goldstone bosons
• Constraining Mixed Dark Matter models with high redshift Lyman-alpha forest data
• Exploring dark sector parameters in light of neutron star temperatures
• Covariant formulation of refracted gravity
• Bounds on sterile neutrino lifetime and mixing angle with active neutrinos by global 21 cm signal
• Semi-analytic galaxy formation in coupled dark energy cosmologies
• Constraining the Milky Way Mass with Its Hot Gaseous Halo
• Discovery of New Dwarf Galaxy near The Isolated Spiral Galaxy NGC 6503
• Removal and mixing of the coronal gas from satellites in galaxy groups: cooling the intragoup gas
• The Isaac Newton Telescope Monitoring Survey of Local Group Dwarf Galaxies. VI. The Star Formation History and Dust Production in Andromeda IX
• Prospects of Probing Dark Matter Condensates with Gravitational Waves
• Signatures of afterglows from light dark matter boosted by supernova neutrinos in current and future large underground detectors
• Probing Velocity Dependent Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Neutrino Telescopes
• Are Over-massive Haloes of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies Consistent with Extended MOND?
• Anisotropies in Cosmological 21 cm Background by Oscillons/I-balls of Ultra-light Axion-like Particle
• Constraining Warm Dark Matter with high-$z$ supernova lensing
• Maximum entropy distributions of dark matter in $\Lambda$CDM cosmology
• Matter in the beam: Weak lensing, substructures and the temperature of dark matter
• Universal subhalo accretion in cold and warm dark matter cosmologies
• The abundance of satellite galaxies in the inner region of $\Lambda$CDM Milky Way sized haloes
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• The low mass end of the neutral gas mass and velocity width functions of galaxies in $\Lambda$CDM
• Early formation of supermassive black holes from the collapse of strongly self-interacting dark matter
• Probing the nature of Dark Matter through the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium
• Dark matter concentrations and a search for cores in Milky Way dwarf satellites
• Anticipating the XRISM search for the decay of resonantly produced sterile neutrino dark matter
• Probing satellite galaxies in the Local Group by using FAST
• Strong Dark Matter Self-Interaction from a Stable Scalar Mediator
• Universal dark halo scaling relation for the dwarf spheroidal satellites
• Towards an explanation of orbits in the extreme trans-Neptunian region: The effect of Milgromian dynamics
• MIGHTEE-HI: The radial acceleration relation with resolved stellar mass measurements
• Constraining Ultra-light Axions with Galaxy Cluster Number Counts
• Explaining the formation of bulges with MOND
• Mass Modeling the Andromeda Dwarf Galaxies: Andromeda VI and Andromeda XXIII
• Small-scale Effects of Thermal Inflation on Halo Abundance at High-$z$, Galaxy Substructure Abundance and 21-cm Power Spectrum
• EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body simulations of Milky-Way-mass halos from Symphony
• A general approach for testing non-cold dark matter at small cosmological scales
• GalaxyFlow: Upsampling Hydrodynamical Simulations for Realistic Mock Stellar Catalogs
• Dwarf Galaxies as Cosmological Probes
• Growth of Linear Perturbations in a Universe with Superfluid Dark Matter
• Can the homogeneity scale be used as a standard ruler?
• Evanescent Matter
• A Universal SFDM Halo Mass for the Andromeda and Milky Way's dSphs?
• Naturalness and a light $Z^{\prime }$
• Co-Interacting Dark Matter
• Galaxy-galaxy lensing in the VOICE deep survey
• Dark Matter Subhalos, Strong Lensing and Machine Learning
• Super-Resonant Dark Matter
• Effects of Angular Momentum on Halo Profiles
• Self-interacting Dark Matter with Scalar Dilepton Mediator
• Signatures of Fuzzy Dark Matter Inside Radial Critical Curves
• Composite self-interacting dark matter and Higgs
• Fingerprint matching of beyond-WIMP dark matter: neural network approach
• Sommerfeld enhancement of invisible dark matter annihilation in galaxies and galaxy clusters
• The effect of environment on the mass assembly history of the Milky Way and M31
• Fundamental properties of the dark and the luminous matter from Low Surface Brightness discs
• Gravitational wave lensing: probing Fuzzy Dark Matter with LISA
• Self-interacting dark matter constraints in a thick dark disk scenario
• Luminous Satellites versus Dark Subhaloes: Clustering in the Milky Way
• Extending the MSSM with singlet Higgs and right handed neutrino for the self-interacting dark matter
• Realization of Sneutrino Self-interacting Dark Matter in the Focus Point Supersymmetry
• Estimation of the Mass of Dark Matter Using the Observed Mass Profiles of Late-Type Galaxies
• Evolution of dwarf spheroidal satellites in the common surface-density dark halos
• Possible formation mechanism of multistate gravitational atoms
• Dwarf Galaxies in the Halo of NGC 891
• MeV scale model of SIMP dark matter, neutrino mass and leptogenesis
• Neutrinos in Astrophysics and Cosmology: Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI) 2020 Lectures
• Kinetic recoupling of dark matter
• On the evolution process of two-component dark matter in the Sun
• Exploiting the shift of baryonic acoustic oscillations as a dynamical probe for dark interactions
• Cluster density slopes from Dark Matter-Baryons Energy Transfer
• On the Spin Bias of Satellite Galaxies in the Local Group-like Environment
• Giant monopoles as a dark matter candidate
• Using dust to constrain dark matter models
• Caught in the cosmic web: environmental effects on subhalo abundance and internal density profiles
• Co-interacting dark matter and conformally coupled light scalars
• Core collapse in resonant self-interacting dark matter across two decades in halo mass
• Too small to succeed: the difficulty of sustaining star formation in low-mass haloes
• Ultra-light dark matter with non-canonical kinetics reopening the mass window
• Dynamical origin of neutrino masses and dark matter from a new confining sector
• Search for dark matter in compact hydrogen clouds
• 3-3-1 Self Interacting Dark Matter and the Galaxy Core-Cusp problem
• An alternative to the standard model
• Subdominant Dark Matter sterile neutrino resonant production in the light of Planck
• A new perspective on galactic dynamics
• Gravitational and distributed heating effects of a cD galaxy on the hydrodynamical structure of its host cluster
• Constraints on Dark Matter annihilation and Its Equation of State after Planck Data
• Resolving the extended stellar halos of nearby galaxies: the wide-field PISCeS survey
• Lensed fast radio bursts as a probe of time-varying gravitational potential induced by wave dark matter
• Subhalo abundance and satellite spatial distribution in Milky Way-Andromeda-like paired haloes
• Asymmetric Reheating by Primordial Black Holes
• A Model For Intergalactic Filaments and Galaxy Formation During the First Gigayear
• Cross Section Calculations in Theories of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Observational constraints on phenomenological emergent dark energy and barotropic dark matter characterized by a constant equation of state parameter
• Measuring the boson mass of fuzzy dark matter with stellar proper motions
• Timing Mass of the Local Group
• Supplying Dark Energy from Scalar Field Dark Matter
• On a critical acceleration scale of dark matter in Lambda-CDM and dynamical dark energy
• Producing and constraining self-interacting hidden sector dark matter
• Overview of the ESCAPE Dark Matter Test Science Project for Astronomers
• MeerKAT and the Smallest Galaxies
• The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-Limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems
• Milky Way Satellite Census. IV. Constraints on Decaying Dark Matter from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• On the absence of a universal surface density, and a maximum Newtonian acceleration in dark matter haloes: consequences for MOND
• A Mass Dependent Density Profile from Dwarfs to Clusters
• Cosmological constraints on sterile neutrino Dark Matter production mechanisms
• Constraining D-foam via the 21-cm Line
• The Galactic Pizza: Flat Rotation Curves in the Context of Cosmological Time-Energy Coupling
• CROCODILE-DWARF: Assembly and Kinematics of Field Dwarf Galaxies with GADGET4-OSAKA
• Constraining the shape of Milky Way satellites with distance gradients