The Local Group on FIRE: Dwarf galaxy populations across a suite of hydrodynamic simulations

Abstract

We present a new set of high-resolution hydrodynamic cosmological zoom-in simulations that apply the Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) physics to both Local Group (LG)-like and isolated Milky Way (MW)-like volumes (ten host systems in total with baryonic particle mass $\simeq 3,500-7,000M_{\odot }$). We study the stellar mass functions, circular velocity or mass profiles, and velocity dispersions of the dwarf galaxy populations. The simulations reproduce the stellar mass function and central densities of MW satellite dwarfs for $M_{\ast }\ge 10^{5.5}{M}_{\odot }$ and predict the existence of $\sim 3$ unidentified galaxies with $M_{\ast }\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ within $300$ kpc of the MW. Overall, we find no evidence for the classical missing satellites or too-big-to-fail (TBTF) problems for satellite galaxies in our sample. Among the satellites, TBTF is resolved primarily by subhalo disruption and overall mass loss; central density profiles of subhalos are of secondary importance. For non-satellite galaxies, our LG-like simulations predict as many as $\sim 10$ as-of-yet unseen galaxies at distances $0.3-1$ Mpc from both hosts, with $M_{\ast }\simeq 10^{5-6}{M}_{\odot }$ (in halos with $V_{\max }\sim 20{\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$), albeit with large halo-to-halo variance. None of our simulations produces a compact, baryon-dominated, high-density dwarf elliptical-type galaxy (with $V_{\mathrm{circ}}\gtrsim 35{\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ at $r<1$kpc), of which six may appear in the LG (but none in the MW). It may therefore remain a challenge to reproduce the full diversity of the dwarf population, including both the highest and lowest density systems.

Main text: 14 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. Appendices: 3 figures, 1 table. Submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (48)

• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Too big to fail? The puzzling darkness of massive Milky Way subhaloes
• The Kinematics of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites: Solving the Missing Satellite Problem
• Star Formation and Feedback in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic Simulations--I. Isolated Galaxies
• The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time
• Forty-Seven Milky Way-Sized, Extremely Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster
• Hundreds of Milky Way Satellites? Luminosity Bias in the Satellite Luminosity Function
• The Haunted Halos of Andromeda and Triangulum: A panorama of galaxy formation in action
• An Ultraviolet-to-Radio Broadband Spectral Atlas of Nearby Galaxies
• A mass-dependent density profile for dark matter haloes including the influence of galaxy formation
• NIHAO XI: Formation of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies by outflows
• Dark Matter Substructure in Numerical Simulations: A Tale of Discreteness Noise, Runaway Instabilities, and Artificial Disruption
• Stellar Velocities in the Carina, Fornax, Sculptor and Sextans dSph Galaxies: Data from the Magellan/MMFS Survey
• The M31 Velocity Vector. II. Radial Orbit Towards the Milky Way and Implied Local Group Mass
• Too Big to Fail in the Local Group
• Is there a "too big to fail" problem in the field?
• The Velocity Dispersion Profile of the Remote Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Leo I: A Tidal Hit and Run?
• Cosmic ray feedback in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation
• A Survey of Galaxy Kinematics to z ~ 1 in the TKRS/GOODS-N Field. I. Rotation and Dispersion Properties
• The Cold Dark Matter Halos of Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals
• Modelling chemical abundance distributions for dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: the impact of turbulent metal diffusion
• Scaling Relations and the Fundamental Line of the Local Group Dwarf Galaxies
• A trio of new Local Group galaxies with extreme properties
• NIHAO XV: The environmental impact of the host galaxy on galactic satellite and field dwarf galaxies
• The origin of the diverse morphologies and kinematics of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE-2 simulations
• Stellar kinematics in the remote Leo II dwarf spheroidal galaxy -- Another brick in the wall
• Shaken and Stirred: The Milky Way's Dark Substructures
• M31 Satellite Masses Compared to LCDM Subhaloes
• The Araucaria Project. The Distance to the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy from infrared photometry of RR Lyrae stars
• Self-Consistent Modeling of Reionization in Cosmological Hydrodynamical Simulations
• The structural properties and star formation history of Leo T from deep LBT photometry
• Inside the whale: the structure and dynamics of the isolated Cetus dwarf spheroidal
• The properties of "dark" ΛCDM halos in the Local Group
• Chemistry and Kinematics of the Late-Forming Dwarf Irregular Galaxies Leo A, Aquarius, and Sagittarius DIG
• The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy
• Balancing mass and momentum in the Local Group
• When the Jeans don't fit: How stellar feedback drives stellar kinematics and complicates dynamical modeling in low-mass galaxies
• The imprint of cosmic reionisation on the luminosity function of galaxies
• Reconciling observed and simulated stellar halo masses
• Gas Kinematics in FIRE Simulated Galaxies Compared to Spatially Unresolved HI Observations
• Estimating the Mass of the Milky Way Using the Ensemble of Classical Satellite Galaxies
• A Council of Giants
• A deep Large Binocular Telescope view of the Canes Venatici I dwarf galaxy
• The HI Chronicles of LITTLE THINGS BCDs II: The Origin of IC 10's HI Structure
• Running with BICEP2: Implications for Small-Scale Problems in CDM
• Is There a Fundamental Line for Disk Galaxies?

Cited by in corpus (157)

• Milky Way Satellite Census. III. Constraints on Dark Matter Properties from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• Milky Way Satellite Census. II. Galaxy--Halo Connection Constraints Including the Impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Be it therefore resolved: Cosmological Simulations of Dwarf Galaxies with Extreme Resolution
• The hidden giant: discovery of an enormous Galactic dwarf satellite in Gaia DR2
• But What About... Cosmic Rays, Magnetic Fields, Conduction, & Viscosity in Galaxy Formation
• The SAGA Survey. II. Building a Statistical Sample of Satellite Systems around Milky Way-like Galaxies
• Milky Way Satellite Census. I. The Observational Selection Function for Milky Way Satellites in DES Y3 and Pan-STARRS DR1
• A dark matter profile to model diverse feedback-induced core sizes of $\Lambda$CDM haloes
• Ultra-faint dwarfs in a Milky Way context: Introducing the Mint Condition DC Justice League Simulations
• FIRE-3: Updated Stellar Evolution Models, Yields, & Microphysics and Fitting Functions for Applications in Galaxy Simulations
• Public data release of the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation
• Star formation histories of dwarf galaxies in the FIRE simulations: dependence on mass and Local Group environment
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations
• Novel constraints on the particle nature of dark matter from stellar streams
• Synthetic Gaia surveys from the FIRE cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The Formation of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the RomulusC Galaxy Cluster Simulation
• The time-scales probed by star formation rate indicators for realistic, bursty star formation histories from the FIRE simulations
• FIREbox: Simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
• Gas accretion and galactic fountain flows in the Auriga cosmological simulations: angular momentum and metal re-distribution
• Testing Physical Models for Cosmic Ray Transport Coefficients on Galactic Scales: Self-Confinement and Extrinsic Turbulence at GeV Energies
• The Formation of Isolated Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in Romulus25
• Dark matters on the scale of galaxies
• Hot-mode accretion and the physics of thin-disk galaxy formation
• Quantifying scatter in galaxy formation at the lowest masses
• SatGen: a semi-analytical satellite galaxy generator -- I. The model and its application to Local-Group satellite statistics
• The Formation Times and Building Blocks of Milky Way-mass Galaxies in the FIRE Simulations
• Evidence of a population of dark subhalos from Gaia and Pan-STARRS observations of the GD-1 stream
• Dark Matter Cores and Cusps in Spiral Galaxies and their Explanations
• Ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Auriga simulations
• Cosmic-Ray Driven Outflows to Mpc Scales from $L_{\ast }$ Galaxies
• Project AMIGA: The Circumgalactic Medium of Andromeda
• Planes of satellites around Milky Way/M31-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations and comparisons with the Local Group
• The Fates of the Circumgalactic Medium in the FIRE Simulations
• The abundance of satellites around Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies with the TNG50 simulation: a matter of diversity
• Dwarf Galaxies in CDM, WDM, and SIDM: Disentangling Baryons and Dark Matter Physics
• The diverse dark matter density at sub-kiloparsec scales in Milky Way satellites:implications for the nature of dark matter
• A tale of two populations: surviving and destroyed dwarf galaxies and the build up of the Milky Way's stellar halo
• The role of mergers and interactions in driving the evolution of dwarf galaxies over cosmic time
• The bursty origin of the Milky Way thick disc
• Rapid disc settling and the transition from bursty to steady star formation in Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Extinguishing the FIRE: environmental quenching of satellite galaxies around Milky Way-mass hosts in simulations
• Under the Firelight: Stellar Tracers of the Local Dark Matter Velocity Distribution in the Milky Way
• 3-D gas-phase elemental abundances across the formation histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations: initial conditions for chemical tagging
• The cumulative star-formation histories of dwarf galaxies with TNG50. I: Environment-driven diversity and connection to quenching
• How primordial magnetic fields shrink galaxies
• First Predicted Cosmic Ray Spectra, Primary-to-Secondary Ratios, and Ionization Rates from MHD Galaxy Formation Simulations
• Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass
• Luminosity Functions and Host-to-Host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
• HST Proper Motions of NGC 147 and NGC 185: Orbital Histories and Test of Dynamically Coherent Andromeda Satellite Plane
• Strong Dark Matter Self-interactions Diversify Halo Populations within and surrounding the Milky Way
• Born this way: thin disc, thick disc, and isotropic spheroid formation in FIRE-2 Milky-Way-mass galaxy simulations
• Standard Self-Confinement and Extrinsic Turbulence Models for Cosmic Ray Transport are Fundamentally Incompatible with Observations
• Can cosmological simulations capture the diverse satellite populations of observed Milky Way analogues?
• Pressure balance in the multiphase ISM of cosmologically simulated disk galaxies
• The central densities of Milky Way-mass galaxies in cold and self-interacting dark matter models
• Roll of the Dice: A Stochastically Sampled IMF Alters the Stellar Content of Simulated Dwarf Galaxies
• Radial Distributions of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
• Dissipative Dark Matter on FIRE: I. Structural and kinematic properties of dwarf galaxies
• The Galaxy Progenitors of Stellar Streams around Milky Way-mass Galaxies in the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
• TangoSIDM: Tantalizing models of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• SIBELIUS-DARK: a galaxy catalogue of the Local Volume from a constrained realisation simulation
• Streams on FIRE: Populations of Detectable Stellar Streams in the Milky Way and FIRE
• The velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
• The Dark Matter Distributions in Low-Mass Disk Galaxies. II. The Inner Density Profiles
• The origin of metal-poor stars on prograde disk orbits in FIRE simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The infall of dwarf satellite galaxies are influenced by their host's massive accretions
• The Detailed Science Case for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, 2019 edition
• A comparative study of satellite galaxies in Milky Way-like galaxies from HSC, DECaLS and SDSS
• Elevated UV luminosity density at Cosmic Dawn explained by non-evolving, weakly mass-dependent star formation efficiency
• Dark atoms and composite dark matter
• The Effects of Dark Matter and Baryonic Physics on the Milky Way Subhalo Population in the Presence of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• How Unusual is the Milky Way's Assembly History?
• HALO7D II: The Halo Velocity Ellipsoid and Velocity Anisotropy with Distant Main Sequence Stars
• Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Two Faint Dwarf Satellites of Nearby LMC Analogs from MADCASH
• The SIBELIUS Project: E Pluribus Unum
• Stars made in outflows may populate the stellar halo of the Milky Way
• Constraining SIDM with halo shapes: revisited predictions from realistic simulations of early-type galaxies
• Implications of the Milky Way travel velocity for dynamical mass estimates of the Local Group
• The Pandora project. I: the impact of radiation and cosmic rays on baryonic and dark matter properties of dwarf galaxies
• Thermal Instability in the CGM of $L_{\star }$ Galaxies: Testing "Precipitation" Models with the FIRE Simulations
• Amplified J-factors in the Galactic Center for velocity-dependent darkmatter annihilation in FIRE simulations
• The effects of LMC-mass environments on their dwarf satellite galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• The SAGA Survey. IV. The Star Formation Properties of 101 Satellite Systems around Milky Way-mass Galaxies
• Long-term orbital evolution of Galactic satellites and the effects on their star formation histories
• Constraints on the epoch of dark matter formation from Milky Way satellites
• Exploring metallicity-dependent rates of Type Ia supernovae and their impact on galaxy formation
• Still at Odds with Conventional Galaxy Evolution: The Star Formation History of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44
• Reading the CARDs: the Imprint of Accretion History in the Chemical Abundances of the Milky Way's Stellar Halo
• Shapes of Milky-Way-Mass Galaxies with Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• ETHOS -- An effective parametrization and classification for structure formation: the non-linear regime at $z\gtrsim 5$
• Orbital dynamics and histories of satellite galaxies around Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• Relating the Diverse Merger Histories and Satellite Populations of Nearby Galaxies
• The missing dwarf galaxies of the Local Group
• The observable properties of galaxy accretion events in Milky Way-like galaxies in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
• Evidence for a Massive Andromeda Galaxy Using Satellite Galaxy Proper Motions
• The orbital phase space of contracted dark matter halos
• Satellite mass functions and the faint end of the galaxy mass-halo mass relation in LCDM
• The PAndAS View of the Andromeda Satellite System. IV Global properties
• Spatial Power Spectra of Dust across the Local Group: No Constraint on Disc Scale Height
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V: Satellite Galaxy Populations In A Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of A Milky Way-mass Halo
• A jolt to the system: ram pressure on low-mass galaxies in simulations of the Local Group
• Gravothermal collapse of Self-Interacting Dark Matter halos as the Origin of Intermediate Mass Black Holes in Milky Way satellites
• The dark side of FIRE: predicting the population of dark matter subhaloes around Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Simulating the LOcal Web (SLOW) II: Properties of local galaxy clusters
• The tidal evolution of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal and its globular clusters
• Using Action Space Clustering to Constrain the Accretion History of Milky Way like Galaxies
• X-ray morphology of cluster-mass haloes in self-interacting dark matter
• Simulating Globular Clusters in Dark Matter Sub-Halos
• Uncovering dark matter density profiles in dwarf galaxies with graph neural networks
• Constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group using Bayesian hierarchical field-level inference
• The Neutral Hydrogen Properties of Galaxies in Gas-rich Groups
• A too-many dwarf galaxy satellites problem in the M83 group
• New dwarf galaxy candidates in the sphere of influence of the Local Volume spiral galaxy NGC2683
• Self-Interacting Dark Matter and the Delay of Super-Massive Black Hole Growth
• If dark matter is fuzzy, the first stars form in massive pancakes
• New dwarf galaxy candidates in the sphere of influence of the Sombrero galaxy
• Census of Gaseous Satellites around Local Spiral Galaxies
• Auriga Streams I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
• Sliding into DM: Determining the local dark matter density and speed distribution using only the local circular speed of the Galaxy
• Determining Satellite Infall Times Using Machine Learning
• Measuring the Mass of Missing Baryons in the Halo of Andromeda Galaxy with Gamma-Ray Observations
• Ghostly Stellar Haloes and their Relationship to Ultra-faint Dwarfs
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• Predictions on the stellar-to-halo mass relation in the dwarf regime using the empirical model for galaxy formation EMERGE
• Firefly: a browser-based interactive 3D data visualization tool for millions of data points
• The physical origin of positive metallicity radial gradients in high-redshift galaxies: insights from the FIRE-2 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
• Diverse dark matter profiles in FIRE dwarfs: black holes, cosmic rays and the cusp-core enigma
• Trial by FIRE: Probing the dark matter density profile of dwarf galaxies with GraphNPE
• The Milky Way accretion history compared to cosmological simulations -- from bulge to dwarf galaxy infall
• Great Balls of FIRE IV. The contribution of massive star clusters to the astrophysical population of merging binary black holes
• Orbital phase-driven biases in Galactic mass constraints from stellar streams
• Measurement of Substructure from the Kinematics of the GD-1 Stellar Stream
• Fingerprint matching of beyond-WIMP dark matter: neural network approach
• A Rich Satellite Population of the NGC 4437 Group and Implications of a Magnitude Gap for Galaxy Group Assembly History
• Image Flux Ratios of Gravitationally Lensed HS 0810+2554 with High Resolution Infrared Imaging
• Warm dark matter model with a few keV mass is bad for the too-big-to-fail problem
• A Correlated Search for Local Dwarf Galaxies in GALFA-HI and Pan-STARRS
• Born to be Starless: Revisiting the Missing Satellite Problem
• Astrophysical Tests of Dark Matter with Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer
• Auriga Streams II: orbital properties of tidally disrupting satellites of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• A graph model for the clustering of dark matter halos
• The imprint of bursty star formation on alpha-element abundance patterns in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Scalar Field Dark Matter: Impact of Supernovae-driven blowouts on the soliton structure of low mass dark matter halos
• Co-interacting dark matter and conformally coupled light scalars
• Dark Matter and Fundamental Physics Searches with IACTs
• The Multidimensional Milky Way
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• The PARADIGM project II: The lifetimes and quenching of satellites in Milky Way-mass haloes
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• Ergodicity of FIRE: star formation variations within and between simulated galaxies
• 3D elemental abundances of stars at formation across the histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• Extending the SAGA Survey (xSAGA) I: Satellite Radial Profiles as a Function of Host Galaxy Properties
• The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-Limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems
• Dwarf Galaxy Number Counts within 25 Mpc: Predictions from Local Group Analogues in TNG50
• HI Observations of Baryon-Dominated Dwarf Galaxy Candidates
• Analysis of shape and angular orientation parameters of velocity-dependent dark matter annihilation signals in Galactic Centers for FIRE simulations