Third-Epoch Magellanic Cloud Proper Motions II: The Large Magellanic Cloud Rotation Field in Three Dimensions

Abstract

We present the first detailed assessment of the large-scale rotation of any galaxy based on full three-dimensional velocity measurements. We do this for the LMC by combining our HST average proper motion (PM) measurements for stars in 22 fields, with existing line-of-sight (LOS) velocity measurements for 6790 individual stars. We interpret these data with a model of circular rotation in a flat disk. The PM and LOS data paint a consistent picture of the LMC rotation and their combination yields several new insights. The PM data imply a stellar dynamical center that coincides with the HI dynamical center, and a rotation curve amplitude consistent with that inferred from LOS velocity studies. The implied disk viewing angles agree with the range of values found in the literature, but continue to indicate variations with stellar population and/or radius. Young (RSG) stars rotate faster than old (RGB/AGB) stars due to asymmetric drift. Outside the central region, the circular velocity is approximately flat at Vcirc = 91.7 +/- 18.8 km/s. This is consistent with the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, and implies an enclosed mass M(8.7 kpc) = (1.7 +/- 0.7) x 10^10 solar masses. The virial mass is larger and depends on the full extent of the dark halo. The tidal radius is 22.3 +/- 5.2 kpc (24.0 +/- 5.6 degrees). Combination of the PM and LOS data yields kinematic distance estimates for the LMC, but these are not yet competitive with other methods.

The Astrophysical Journal, submitted. 21 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables

References in corpus (11)

• Are the Magellanic Clouds on their First Passage about the Milky Way?
• Third-Epoch Magellanic Cloud Proper Motions I: HST/WFC3 data and Orbit Implications
• Is the SMC Bound to the LMC? The HST Proper Motion of the SMC
• The M31 Velocity Vector. II. Radial Orbit Towards the Milky Way and Implied Local Group Mass
• Calcium II Triplet Spectroscopy of LMC Red Giants. I. Abundances and Velocities for a Sample of Populous Clusters
• The Space Motion of Leo I: Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motion and Implied Orbit
• The M31 Velocity Vector. I. Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motion Measurements
• The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun
• Structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud from the Near Infrared magnitudes of Red Clump stars
• Properties of RR Lyrae stars in the inner regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud. II. The extended sample
• Formation of the off-center bar in the Large Magellanic Cloud: A collision with a dark satellite ?

Cited by in corpus (209)

• Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics Beyond LambdaCDM
• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• A distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud that is precise to one per cent
• Gaia Data Release 2: Kinematics of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way
• The total mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud from its perturbation on the Orphan stream
• Tango for three: Sagittarius, LMC, and the Milky Way
• The Local Group on FIRE: Dwarf galaxy populations across a suite of hydrodynamic simulations
• A timing constraint on the (total) mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Hunting for the Dark Matter Wake Induced by the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Gas kinematics, morphology, and angular momentum in the FIRE simulations
• An overmassive Dark Halo around an Ultra-diffuse Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster
• The Orbital Histories of Magellanic Satellites Using Gaia DR2 Proper Motions
• The Magellanic Stream: Circumnavigating the Galaxy
• And yet it moves: The dangers of artificially fixing the Milky Way center of mass in the presence of a massive Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Magellanic Origin of the DES Dwarfs
• Hydra II: a faint and compact Milky Way dwarf galaxy found in the Survey of the Magellanic Stellar History
• Gaia early DR3 systemic motions of Local Group dwarf galaxies and orbital properties with a massive Large Magellanic Cloud
• Ram Pressure Stripping of the Large Magellanic Cloud's Disk as a Probe of the Milky Way's Circumgalactic Medium
• From galactic bars to the Hubble tension: weighing up the astrophysical evidence for Milgromian gravity
• Response of the Milky Way's disc to the Large Magellanic Cloud in a first infall scenario
• The population of X-ray supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations
• Orbits of Massive Satellite Galaxies: I. A Close Look at the Large Magellanic Cloud and a New Orbital History for M33
• The Hestia project: simulations of the Local Group
• Quantifying the impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the structure of the Milky Way's dark matter halo using Basis Function Expansions
• Proper Motions, Orbits, and Tidal Influences of Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• Measuring the Mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Stellar Streams Observed by $S^5$
• The Proper Motion Field of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Kinematic Evidence for its Tidal Disruption
• Limit on the LMC mass from a census of its satellites
• Globular clusters indicate ultra diffuse galaxies are dwarfs
• Detection of the Milky Way reflex motion due to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall
• SMASHing the LMC: A Tidally-induced Warp in the Outer LMC and a Large-scale Reddening Map
• First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33
• $S^5$: Probing the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds potentials with the 6-D map of the Orphan-Chenab stream
• An Ultra-Faint Galaxy Candidate Discovered in Early Data from the Magellanic Satellites Survey
• Identifying true satellites of the Magellanic Clouds
• Detection of the LMC-induced sloshing of the Galactic halo
• Gaia DR2 in 6D: Searching for the fastest stars in the Galaxy
• $S^5$: The Orbital and Chemical Properties of One Dozen Stellar Streams
• The Magellanic Stream System: I. Ram-pressure tails and the relics of the collision between the Magellanic Clouds
• A 10 kpc stellar substructure at the edge of the Large Magellanic Cloud: perturbed outer disk or evidence for tidal stripping?
• Local Volume TiNy Titans: Gaseous Dwarf-Dwarf Interactions in the Local Universe
• No massive black holes in the Milky Way halo
• SatGen: a semi-analytical satellite galaxy generator -- I. The model and its application to Local-Group satellite statistics
• Stellar streams around the Magellanic Clouds
• A hypervelocity star with a Magellanic origin
• The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies I. RR Lyrae-based Distances and Refined 3D Geometric Structure
• Milky Way mass constraints from the Galactic satellite gap
• Birds of a Feather? Magellan/IMACS Spectroscopy of the Ultra-Faint Satellites Grus II, Tucana IV, and Tucana V
• Proper Motions of Stellar Streams Discovered in the Dark Energy Survey
• The effect of the LMC on the Milky Way system
• The Relationship Between Molecular Gas, HI, and Star Formation in the Low-Mass, Low-Metallicity Magellanic Clouds
• The panchromatic view of the Magellanic Clouds from Classical Cepheids. I. Distance, Reddening and Geometry of the Large Magellanic Cloud disk
• Broken into Pieces: ATLAS and Aliqa Uma as One Single Stream
• Hypervelocity runaways from the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Proper Motion Field Along the Magellanic Bridge: a New Probe of the LMC-SMC Interaction
• Hubble Space Telescope survey of Magellanic Cloud star clusters. Photometry and astrometry of 113 clusters and early results
• Revealing the tidal scars of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Predicted Space Motions for Hypervelocity and Runaway Stars: Proper Motions and Radial Velocities for the GAIA Era
• Ships Passing in the Night: Spectroscopic Analysis of Two Ultra-Faint Satellites in the Constellation Carina
• The Alpha-element knee of the Sagittarius Stream
• The Origins of Off-Centre Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Search for Gamma-ray Emission from Dark Matter Annihilation in the Large Magellanic Cloud with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• The recent LMC-SMC collision: Timing and impact parameter constraints from comparison of Gaia LMC disk kinematics and N-body simulations
• First Gaia Local Group Dynamics: Magellanic Clouds Proper Motion and Rotation
• Quantifying the Stellar Halo's Response to the LMC's Infall with Spherical Harmonics
• Addressing the too big to fail problem with baryon physics and sterile neutrino dark matter
• The Frequency of Dwarf Galaxy Multiples at Low Redshift in SDSS vs. Cosmological Expectations
• The EMU view of the Large Magellanic Cloud: Troubles for sub-TeV WIMPs
• Clouds in Arms
• Microarcsecond Astrometry: Science Highlights from Gaia
• Orbits of massive satellite galaxies: II. Bayesian Estimates of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses using high precision astrometry and cosmological simulations
• Dark and luminous satellites of LMC-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• A Dipole on the Sky: Predictions for Hypervelocity Stars from the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The VISCACHA survey - I. Overview and First Results
• The LMC geometry and outer stellar populations from early DES data
• Morpho-kinematics of z~1 galaxies probe the hierarchical scenario
• Internal dynamics of the Large Magellanic Cloud from Gaia DR2
• A Gaia DR 2 and VLT/FLAMES search for new satellites of the LMC
• The VMC Survey -- XXXIV. Morphology of Stellar Populations in the Magellanic Clouds
• Discovery of an Ultra-Faint Stellar System near the Magellanic Clouds with the DECam Local Volume Exploration (DELVE) Survey
• Origin of the Local Group satellite planes
• Sailing under the Magellanic Clouds: A DECam View of the Carina Dwarf
• Modeling the Baryon Cycle in Low Mass Galaxy Encounters: the Case of NGC 4490 & NGC 4485
• The 30-Year Search for the Compact Object in SN 1987A
• The Stellar Mass, Star Formation Rate and Dark Matter Halo Properties of LAEs at $z\sim 2$
• A Genetic Approach to the History of the Magellanic Clouds
• Exploring the Very Extended Low Surface Brightness Stellar Populations of the Large Magellanic Cloud with SMASH
• Magellanic satellites in $\Lambda$CDM cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of the Local Group
• The VMC Survey -- XLVIII. Classical Cepheids unveil the 3D geometry of the LMC
• The Most Metal-poor Stars in the Magellanic Clouds are $r$-process Enhanced
• Comprehensive Assessment of the Too-Big-to-Fail Problem
• The VMC survey XXX. Stellar proper motions in the central parts of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The VMC Survey -- XLII. Near-infrared period-luminosity relations for RR Lyrae stars and the structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• 3D hydrodynamic simulations for the formation of the Local Group satellite planes
• Tidally Induced Offset Disks in Magellanic Spiral Galaxies
• Tidal-induced lopsidedness in Magellanic-type galaxies
• Relations Between Molecular Cloud Structure Sizes and Line Widths in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Kinematic analysis of the Large Magellanic Cloud using Gaia DR3
• A SkyMapper view of the Large Magellanic Cloud: The dynamics of stellar populations
• Cosmic Ray Driven Outflows from the Large Magellanic Cloud: Contributions to the LMC Filament
• The VMC survey -- XLI. Stellar proper motions within the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Magellanic Mayhem: Metallicities and Motions
• The VISCACHA survey -- III. Star clusters counterpart of the Magellanic Bridge and Counter-Bridge in 8D
• The VMC survey -- XXXVIII. Proper motion of the Magellanic Bridge
• SMASH 1: a very faint globular cluster disrupting in the outer reaches of the LMC?
• JWST-TST Proper Motions: I. High-Precision NIRISS Calibration and Large Magellanic Cloud Kinematics
• The ASKAP-EMU Early Science Project: 888 MHz Radio Continuum Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Evolution of dust and molecular hydrogen in the Magellanic System
• Predictably Missing Satellites: Subhalo Abundance in Milky Way-like Halos
• $\Lambda$CDM Predictions for the Satellite Population of M33
• The Magellanic Edges Survey I. Description and First Results
• Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds-1: Parameterisation and Classification of 1072 Clusters in the LMC
• Deciphering the Kinematic Structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud through its Red Giant Population
• The impact of a massive Sagittarius dSph on GD-1-like streams
• GaiaHub: A method for combining data from the Gaia and Hubble space telescopes to derive improved proper motions for faint stars
• The abundance of dwarf galaxies around low-mass giants in the Local Volume
• The VISCACHA survey -- II. Structure of star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds periphery
• A new Hyper-Runaway star discovered from LAMOST and GAIA: ejected almost in the galactic rotation direction
• Constraining the Milky Way halo kinematics via its Linear Response to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• On Zero Point Calibration of the Red Giant Branch Tip in the Magellanic Clouds
• Two kinematically distinct old globular cluster populations in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The connection between the host halo and the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
• Milky Way-est: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations with Large Magellanic Cloud and Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus Analogs
• Dynamical friction and scratches of orbiting satellite galaxies on host systems
• The Magellanic Edges Survey III. Kinematics of the disturbed LMC outskirts
• OGLE-ing the Magellanic System: RR Lyrae Stars in the Bridge
• The VMC survey - XVI. Spatial variation of the cluster-formation activity in the innermost regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Extended Main Sequence Turn-Offs in Low Mass Intermediate Age Clusters
• DELVE-ing into the Jet: a thin stellar stream on a retrograde orbit at 30 kpc
• Spectroscopic analysis of Milky Way outer halo satellites: Aquarius II and Bootes II
• Role of Thermal and Non-thermal Processes in the ISM of Magellanic Clouds
• The Proper Motion of Pyxis: the first use of Adaptive Optics in tandem with HST on a faint halo object
• An Upper Limit on the Mass of a Central Black Hole in the Large Magellanic Cloud from the Stellar Rotation Field
• H I Kinematics of the Large Magellanic Cloud revisited : Evidence of possible infall and outflow
• The Large Magellanic Cloud Revealed in Gravitational Waves with LISA
• Effects on the local dark matter distribution due to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Exploring the interaction between the MW and LMC with a large sample of blue horizontal branch stars from the DESI survey
• Metallicity estimates of young clusters in the Magellanic Clouds from Stromgren photometry of supergiant stars
• The Orbit and Origin of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Segue 1
• The Smith Cloud: surviving a high speed transit of the Galactic disc
• Comparing hypervelocity star populations from the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way
• Testing the weak equivalence principle by differential measurements of fundamental constants in the Magellanic Clouds
• Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to TeV photon emission from the Large Magellanic Cloud
• DeGaS-MC: Dense Gas Survey in the Magellanic Clouds I -- An APEX survey of HCO+ and HCN(2-1) toward the LMC and SMC
• Shape of the outer stellar warp in the Large Magellanic Cloud disk
• Vertical structure and kinematics of the LMC disc from SDSS/Gaia
• The Relevance of Dynamical Friction for the MW/LMC/SMC Triple System
• Properties of the Magellanic Corona
• Near-periodical spin period evolution in the binary system LMC X-4
• Gaia TGAS search for Large Magellanic Cloud runaway supergiant stars:Candidate hypervelocity star discovery, and the nature of R71
• The hELENa project - II. Abundance distribution trends of early-type galaxies: from dwarfs to giants
• LBT/MODS spectroscopy of globular clusters in the irregular galaxy NGC 4449
• HST astrometry in the 30 Doradus region: measuring proper motions of individual stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Accurate radial velocity and metallicity of the Large Magellanic Cloud old globular clusters NGC 1928 and NGC 1939
• Gravitational Magnus effect
• High Velocity Stars in SDSS/APOGEE DR17
• Equilibrium dynamical models in the inner region of the Large Magellanic Cloud based on Gaia DR3 kinematics
• The Magellanic Edges Survey IV. Complex tidal debris in the SMC outskirts
• The transformation and quenching of simulated gas-rich dwarf satellites within a group environment
• On the dynamical evolution of Cepheids in star clusters
• Unraveling the Formation History of the Black Hole X-ray Binary LMC X-3 from ZAMS to Present
• Discovery of a loose star cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Properties of luminous red supergiant stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Mapping the Supernovae Driven Winds of the Large Magellanic Cloud in H$\alpha$ Emission I
• Applying Noether's theorem to matter in the Milky Way: evidence for external perturbations and non-steady-state effects from Gaia Data Release 2
• Future merger of the Milky Way with the Andromeda galaxy and the fate of their supermassive black holes
• Towards early-type eclipsing binaries as extragalactic milestones: II. NLTE spectral analysis and stellar parameters of the detached O-type system OGLE-LMC-ECL-06782 in the LMC
• Lessons from the Magellanic System and its modeling
• Geometry of the Large Magellanic Cloud Using Multi- wavelength Photometry of Classical Cepheids
• Ram pressure stripping in clusters: Gravity can bind the ISM but not the CGM
• OGLE-ing the Magellanic System: Cepheids in the Bridge
• UVIT Study of the MAgellanic Clouds (U-SMAC) II. A Far-UV catalog of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Morphology and Kinematics of young stellar population
• Towards early-type eclipsing binaries as extragalactic milestones: I. Physical parameters of OGLE-LMC-ECL-22270 and OGLE-LMC-ECL-06782
• Structural and Dynamical Analysis of the Quiescent Molecular Ridge in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Kinematic complexity around NGC419: resolving the proper motion of the cluster, the Small Magellanic Cloud and the Magellanic Bridge
• A comprehensive kinematic model of the LMC disk from star clusters and field stars using Gaia DR3: Tracing the disk characteristics, rotation, bar, and the outliers
• Kinematics of dwarf galaxies in gas-rich groups, and the survival and detectability of tidal dwarf galaxies
• The VMC survey -- XLV. Proper motion of the outer LMC and the impact of the SMC
• RR Lyrae stars as probes of the outer Galactic halo: Chemical and kinematic analysis of a pilot sample
• A likely runaway star cluster in the outer disc of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• An Expanded Chemo-dynamical Sample of Red Giants in the Bar of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Spectral energy distributions of classical cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds
• The VMC survey -- LIV. The internal kinematics of the LMC with new VISTA observations
• Tidal Suppression of Fuzzy Dark Matter Heating in Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• On the structure of Small Magellanic Cloud star clusters
• Deep VLT photometry of the faint stellar system in the Large Magellanic Cloud periphery YMCA-1
• Following the tidal trail: a history of modeling the Magellanic Stream
• The 3D kinematics of stellar substructures in the periphery of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Simulation Based Inference Approach to the Dynamics of the MW-LMC System -- Validation
• Galactic Orbits of Selected Companions of the Milky Way
• Improving Performance of Zoom-In Cosmological Simulations using Initial Conditions with Customized Grids
• Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites Discovered in Carina, Phoenix, and Telescopium with DELVE Data Release 3
• An intriguing coincidence between the majority of vast polar structure dwarfs and a recent major merger at the M31 position
• How do the dynamics of the Milky Way -- Large Magellanic Cloud system affect gamma-ray constraints on particle dark matter?
• Local Group Proper Motion Dynamics
• DELVE-ing into the Milky Way's Globular Clusters: Assessing extra-tidal features in NGC 5897, NGC 7492, and testing detectability with deeper photometry
• Timing Mass of the Local Group
• The Magellanic Edges Survey -- II. Formation of the LMC's northern arm
• GSE vs. LMC: reshaping of radially biased stellar haloes by satellites
• Quantifying the Milky Way, LMC and their interaction using all-sky kinematics of outer halo stars
• Chemodynamics of BoötesI with $S^5$: Revised Velocity Gradient, Dark Matter Density, and Galactic Chemical Evolution Constraints
• Threading the Magellanic Needle: Hypervelocity Stars Trace the Past Location of the LMC
• The position of SN 1987A
• Hubble Space Telescope proper motions of Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters -- II. Kinematic structure of young and intermediate-age clusters
• Willman 1 Revisited: The Kinematics, Chemistry, and Orbital Properties of a Potentially-Disrupting Dwarf Galaxy
• The VMC survey -- XLVI. Stellar proper motions in the centre of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The orbital dynamics of the LMC and SMC about the Milky Way
• Structural parameters and possible association of the Ultra-Faint Dwarfs Pegasus III and Pisces II from deep Hubble Space Telescope photometry