Timing Mass of the Local Group

Abstract

The classic model of the Local Group (LG) is that of two dominant constituents, the Milky Way and M31, first separating and then detaching from the Hubble flow, leading to a nearly radial approaching orbit. This simple model has been confronted by new measurements of the 3D M31 kinematics, by cosmological simulations, and by theoretical understanding of the impact of massive substructures such as the Large Magellanic Cloud. This article explores the consequences of new observations and theory on the determination of the mass and dynamics of the LG. The M31 tangential velocity measurement and contribution from the cosmological constant both increase the implied timing mass of the LG to be $\sim 5\times 10^{12}$ M${}_{\odot }$. Timing mass estimates for the LG tend to be larger than the sum of the Milky Way and M31 halo masses, and larger than independent LG mass estimators. Precision future kinematics have the potential to explore the origin of this difference, shed light on dark matter in the LG, the origin of its angular momentum, and possibly even local values of cosmological parameters.

arXiv comment41 pages, 8 Figures

References in corpus (148)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Dark Matter Substructure in Galactic Halos
• Where are the missing galactic satellites?
• Dwarf Galaxies of the Local Group
• Statistical Properties of X-ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
• The observed properties of dwarf galaxies in and around the Local Group
• The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic and Integrated Properties
• Planck 2018 results. I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck
• Small-Scale Challenges to the $\Lambda$CDM Paradigm
• The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS: I. Stellar Number Density Distribution
• The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way's inner stellar halo and thick disk
• The Kinematics of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites: Solving the Missing Satellite Problem
• Cold dark matter haloes in the Planck era: evolution of structural parameters for Einasto and NFW profiles
• Halos and galaxies in the standard cosmological model: results from the Bolshoi simulation
• Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies
• The Diversity and Similarity of Simulated Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Mass models of the Milky Way
• The Milky Way's bright satellites as an apparent failure of LCDM
• The 2MASS Redshift Survey - Description and Data Release
• The Milky Way's Circular Velocity Curve to 60 kpc and an Estimate of the Dark Matter Halo Mass from Kinematics of ~2400 SDSS Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• Gaia Data Release 2: Kinematics of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way
• Are the Magellanic Clouds on their First Passage about the Milky Way?
• The Faintest Dwarf Galaxies
• Eight Ultra-faint Galaxy Candidates Discovered in Year Two of the Dark Energy Survey
• A common mass scale for satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
• A Vast Thin Plane of Co-rotating Dwarf Galaxies Orbiting the Andromeda Galaxy
• The Dark Energy Survey Data Release 1
• The orbit of the star S2 around SgrA* from VLT and Keck data
• The Milky Way's circular velocity curve between 4 and 14 kpc from APOGEE data
• Dark matter and cosmic structure
• The great disk of Milky-Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures
• The Masses of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies
• The total mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud from its perturbation on the Orphan stream
• The Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
• ELVIS: Exploring the Local Volume in Simulations
• The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies
• The RAVE survey: the Galactic escape speed and the mass of the Milky Way
• The Anisotropic Distribution of Galactic Satellites
• The Biggest Splash
• Third-Epoch Magellanic Cloud Proper Motions II: The Large Magellanic Cloud Rotation Field in Three Dimensions
• Universal structure of dark matter haloes over a mass range of 20 orders of magnitude
• The M31 Velocity Vector. II. Radial Orbit Towards the Milky Way and Implied Local Group Mass
• Gaia DR2 Proper Motions of Dwarf Galaxies within 420 kpc: Orbits, Milky Way Mass, Tidal Influences, Planar Alignments, and Group Infall
• Masses for the Local Group and the Milky Way
• Testing Tidal-Torque Theory: I. Spin Amplitude and Direction
• HI kinematics and dynamics of Messier 31
• The long bar as seen by the VVV survey: I. Colour-magnitude diagrams
• The APOSTLE project: Local Group kinematic mass constraints and simulation candidate selection
• Bent by baryons: the low mass galaxy-halo relation
• Stellar mass map and dark matter distribution in M31
• Hunting for the Dark Matter Wake Induced by the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Space Motion of Leo I: The Mass of the Milky Way's Dark Matter Halo
• The Mass of the Milky Way: Limits from a Newly Assembled Set of Halo Objects
• The Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy
• A kinematic classification of the cosmic web
• Clues from nearby galaxies to a better theory of cosmic evolution
• The large-scale structure of the halo of the Andromeda galaxy II. Hierarchical structure in the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey
• Dwarf Galaxy Planes: the discovery of symmetric structures in the Local Group
• The Solar Motion Relative to the Local Group
• And yet it moves: The dangers of artificially fixing the Milky Way center of mass in the presence of a massive Large Magellanic Cloud
• Taking measure of the Andromeda halo: a kinematic analysis of the giant stream surrounding M31
• A High-Resolution Rotation Curve of NGC 6822: A Test-case for Cold Dark Matter
• The mass of the Milky Way from satellite dynamics
• Review: galactic angular momenta and angular momentum correlations in the cosmological large-scale structure
• The SPLASH Survey: Spectroscopy of 15 M31 Dwarf Spheroidal Satellite Galaxies
• Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions
• Gaia Proper Motions and Orbits of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites
• Gaia early DR3 systemic motions of Local Group dwarf galaxies and orbital properties with a massive Large Magellanic Cloud
• Tidal Torques and the Orientation of Nearby Disk Galaxies
• Inferring the Andromeda Galaxy's mass from its giant southern stream with Bayesian simulation sampling
• Cosmicflows-4
• The very local Hubble flow
• The Hubble flow around the Local Group
• Broken degeneracies: the rotation curve and velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way halo
• The Andromeda galaxy's most important merger about 2 billion years ago as M32's likely progenitor
• The mass of our Milky Way
• The M31 Velocity Vector. I. Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motion Measurements
• The Mass of the Andromeda Galaxy
• The Hestia project: simulations of the Local Group
• Planes of satellite galaxies and the cosmic web
• M31 Transverse Velocity and Local Group Mass from Satellite Kinematics
• Quantifying the impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the structure of the Milky Way's dark matter halo using Basis Function Expansions
• Proper Motions, Orbits, and Tidal Influences of Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• Measuring the Mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Stellar Streams Observed by $S^5$
• All-Sky Dynamical Response of the Galactic Halo to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion
• The local high velocity tail and the Galactic escape speed
• First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33
• The Mass Distribution and Assembly of the Milky Way from the Properties of the Magellanic Clouds
• Local Group Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies: II. Stellar Kinematics to Large Radii in NGC 147 and NGC 185
• Detection of the LMC-induced sloshing of the Galactic halo
• Systemic Proper Motions of Milky Way Satellites from Stellar Redshifts: the Carina, Fornax, Sculptor and Sextans Dwarf Spheroidals
• The Formation Times and Building Blocks of Milky Way-mass Galaxies in the FIRE Simulations
• Determining the Nature of Dark Matter with Astrometry
• Clues to the "Magellanic Galaxy" from Cosmological Simulations
• The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy
• The effect of the LMC on the Milky Way system
• Equilibrium models of the Milky Way mass are biased high by the LMC
• Balancing mass and momentum in the Local Group
• In Pursuit of the Least Luminous Galaxies
• Constrained Local UniversE Simulations: A Local Group Factory
• The Edge of the Galaxy
• On the mass of the Local Group
• DESI Observations of the Andromeda Galaxy: Revealing the Immigration History of our Nearest Neighbor
• A Council of Giants
• Accretion of the Magellanic system onto the Galaxy
• The dark matter assembly of the Local Group in constrained cosmological simulations of a LambdaCDM universe
• Observed Properties of Dark Matter: dynamical studies of dSph galaxies
• Weighing the Local Group in the Presence of Dark Energy
• The Transverse velocity of the Andromeda system, derived from the M31 satellite population
• The mass of the Milky Way and M31 using the method of least action
• A Plane of High Velocity Galaxies Across the Local Group
• The sum of the masses of the Milky Way and M31: a likelihood-free inference approach
• Revealing the Structure and Internal Rotation of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy with Gaia and Machine Learning
• Solo dwarfs III: Exploring the orbital origins of isolated Local Group galaxies with Gaia Data Release 2
• Deviations from tidal torque theory: evolution of the halo spin-filament alignment
• Implications of the Milky Way travel velocity for dynamical mass estimates of the Local Group
• Dynamical constraints on the dark matter distribution of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal from stellar proper motions
• The Sheet of Giants: Unusual Properties of the Milky Way's Immediate Neighbourhood
• The missing dwarf galaxies of the Local Group
• Estimating the Mass of the Local Group using Machine Learning Applied to Numerical Simulations
• Warm Gas and Ionizing Photons in the Local Group (ApJL version)
• Proper Motion of Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidals from Line-of-Sight Velocities
• Evidence for a Massive Andromeda Galaxy Using Satellite Galaxy Proper Motions
• Revisiting the Role of M31 in the Dynamical History of the Magellanic Clouds
• What galaxy masses perturb the local cosmic expansion?
• Three-dimensional structure of the Sagittarius dSph core from RR Lyrae
• The Local Group in the cosmic web
• Local Group timing argument and virial theorem mass estimators from cosmological simulations
• The M31/M33 tidal interaction: A hydrodynamic simulation of the extended gas distribution
• The Local Group's mass: probably no more than the sum of its parts
• Stellar proper motions in the outskirts of classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies with Gaia EDR3
• Stars on the edge: Galactic tides and the outskirts of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal
• Weighing Milky Way and Andromeda in an expanding $\Lambda$CDM Universe: Decreasing the Local Group mass
• The prolate dark matter halo of the Andromeda galaxy
• The radial dependence of dark matter distribution in M33
• The Escape Velocity Profile of the Milky Way from Gaia DR3
• Estimation of the masses in the Local Group by Gradient Boosted Decision Trees
• Local Group Analogs in $\Lambda$CDM cosmological simulations
• Constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group using Bayesian hierarchical field-level inference
• The Two Body Problem in the Presence of Dark Energy and Modified Gravity: Application to the Local Group
• Tracking the Local Group Dynamics by Extended Gravity
• Anisotropic satellite accretion onto the Local Group with HESTIA
• Dark Energy as a Critical Period in Binary Motion: Bounds from Multi-scale Binaries
• Tidal truncation of circumplanetary disks fails above a critical disk aspect ratio
• Orientation of the spins of galaxies in the Local volume
• The outskirts of M33: Tidally induced distortions versus signatures of gas accretion
• Production of 9Be through alpha-fusion reaction of metal-poor cosmic ray and stellar flare

Cited by in corpus (1)

• Multiscale Cosmic Curvature: from Local Structures to Cosmology