Mass models of the Milky Way

Abstract

We present a simple method for fitting parametrized mass models of the Milky Way to observational constraints. We take a Bayesian approach which allows us to take into account input from photometric and kinematic data, and expectations from theoretical modelling. This provides us with a best-fitting model, which is a suitable starting point for dynamical modelling. We also determine a probability density function on the properties of the model, which demonstrates that the mass distribution of the Galaxy remains very uncertain. For our choices of parametrization and constraints, we find disc scale lengths of 3.00 \pm 0.22 kpc and 3.29 \pm 0.56 kpc for the thin and thick discs respectively; a Solar radius of 8.29 \pm 0.16 kpc and a circular speed at the Sun of 239 \pm 5 km/s; a total stellar mass of 6.43 \pm 0.63 * 10^10 M_sun; a virial mass of 1.26 \pm 0.24 * 10^12 M_sun and a local dark matter density of 0.40 \pm 0.04 GeV/cm^3. We find some correlations between the best-fitting parameters of our models (for example, between the disk scale lengths and the Solar radius), which we discuss. The chosen disc scale-heights are shown to have little effect on the key properties of the model.

13 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Accepted by MNRAS

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• The connection between the host halo and the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
• Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution Parallaxes and Proper Motions for Five Galactic Globular Clusters
• The oblateness of the Milky Way dark matter halo from the stellar streams of NGC 3201, M68, and Palomar 5
• From the Outside Looking in: What can Milky Way Analogues Tell us About the Star Formation Rate of Our Own Galaxy?
• Weighing the Galactic disk in sub-regions of the solar neighbourhood using Gaia DR2
• Lyman-α Emitters in the context of hierarchical galaxy formation: predictions for VLT/MUSE surveys
• Elliptical Galaxy in the Making: The Dual Active Galactic Nuclei and Metal-enriched Halo of Mrk 273
• Ultracompact minihalos associated with stellar-mass primordial black holes
• Spherical Cows in Dark Matter Indirect Detection
• Modelling the Milky Way. I -- Method and first results fitting the thick disk and halo with DES-Y3 data
• A dynamics-free lower bound on the mass of our galaxy
• Systematic uncertainties from halo asphericity in dark matter searches
• Tidal evolution of cored and cuspy dark matter halos
• The Chandra Local Volume Survey: The X-ray Point Source Catalog of NGC 300
• UVIT imaging of WLM : Demographics of star forming regions in the nearby dwarf irregular galaxy
• Self-interacting dark matter interpretation of Crater II
• The structure of the Milky Way based on unWISE 3.4$\mu$m integrated photometry
• Dynamical History of the Local Group in $\Lambda$CDM
• SMHASH: Anatomy of the Orphan Stream using RR Lyrae stars
• Spiral arm kinematics for Milky Way stellar populations
• Managing resonant trapped orbits in our Galaxy
• Measuring the X-shaped structures in edge-on galaxies
• Making sense of the local Galactic escape speed estimates in direct dark matter searches
• Constraints on primordial black hole dark matter from Galactic center X-ray observations
• Tidally induced morphology of M33 in hydrodynamical simulations of its recent interaction with M31
• Evolution of Late-type Galaxies in a Cluster Environment: Effects of High-speed Multiple Encounters with Early-type Galaxies
• The history of stellar metallicity in a simulated disc galaxy
• Angle-action variables for orbits trapped at a Lindblad resonance
• Testing MOdified Gravity (MOG) theory and dark matter model in Milky Way using the local observables
• The Relationship Between X-ray Luminosity and Duty Cycle for Dwarf Novae and their Specific Frequency in the Inner Galaxy
• Hard X-ray luminosity functions of cataclysmic variables: Joint Swift/BAT and Gaia data
• Evolution of the Milky Way in Semi-Analytic Models: Detecting Cold Gas at z=3 with ALMA and SKA
• The difficulty of measuring the local dark matter density
• Nonlinear resonant oscillation of gravitational potential induced by ultralight axion in $f(R)$ gravity
• Evolution of dwarf galaxies hosting GW150914-like events
• Seeding supermassive black holes with a non-vortical dark-matter subcomponent
• SImulator of GAlaxy Millimetre/submillimetre Emission (SIGAME): CO emission from massive z=2 main-sequence galaxies
• The Pristine survey XVIII: C-19: Tidal debris of a dark matter-dominated globular cluster?
• Similarities and uniqueness of Ly$\alpha$ emitters among star-forming galaxies at z=2.5
• A thin diffuse component of the Galactic Ridge X-ray emission and heating of the interstellar medium contributed by the radiation of Galactic X-ray binaries
• A Panchromatic Survey of Post-starburst Mergers: searching for feedback
• The diversity of assembly histories leading to disc galaxy formation in a LambdaCDM model
• How chameleons core dwarfs with cusps
• The Diversity of Growth Histories of Milky Way-mass Galaxies
• Robustness of dark matter constraints and interplay with collider searches for New Physics
• The Effect of Bars on the Ionized ISM: Optical Emission Lines from Milky Way Analogs
• Implications for Dark Matter Direct Detection in the Presence of LIGO-Motivated Primordial Black Holes
• Fluxes of diffuse gamma rays and neutrinos from cosmic-ray interactions with circumgalactic gas
• Red Runaways: Hypervelocity Stars, Hills Ejecta and Other Outliers in the F-M Star Regime
• Revisiting perfect fluid dark matter: Observational constraints from our galaxy
• The tilt of the velocity ellipsoid in the Milky Way with Gaia DR2
• Sun-Earth Lagrange reference for fundamental physics and navigation
• Can ultralight dark matter explain the age-velocity dispersion relation of the Milky Way disc: A revised and improved treatment
• On the environment of Low Surface Brightness galaxies at different scales
• Prospecting Period Measurements with LSST - Low Mass X-ray Binaries as a Test Case
• Searching for dark matter with the Th-229 nuclear lineshape from laser spectroscopy
• Future Constraints on Primordial Black Holes from XGIS-THESEUS
• Testing the Einstein's equivalence principle with polarized gamma-ray bursts
• Spatial Structures In the Globular Cluster Distribution of the Ten Brightest Virgo Galaxies
• Near-infrared counterparts to the Galactic Bulge Survey X-ray source population
• Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
• A Comprehensive Perturbative Formalism for Phase Mixing in Perturbed Disks. II. Phase Spirals in an Inhomogeneous Disk Galaxy with a Non-responsive Dark Matter Halo
• The vertical force in the Solar Neighbourhood using red clump stars in TGASxRAVE - Constraints on the local dark matter density
• Gamma-ray triangles: a possible signature of asymmetric dark matter in indirect searches
• Test of the Weak Equivalence Principle using LIGO observations of GW150914 and Fermi observations of GBM transient 150914
• Constraining the Milky Way Dark Matter Density Profile with Gamma-Rays with Fermi-LAT
• The tidal evolution of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal and its globular clusters
• The giants that were born swiftly -- Implications of the top-heavy stellar initial mass function on the birth conditions of globular clusters
• Dynamical History Of The Local Group In $\Lambda$CDM $\mathrm{II}$ $-$ Including External Perturbers In 3D
• Action-based Dynamical Modeling for the Milky Way Disk: The Influence of Spiral Arms
• Limits on a population of collisional-triples as progenitors of Type-Ia supernovae
• Gaia TGAS search for Large Magellanic Cloud runaway supergiant stars:Candidate hypervelocity star discovery, and the nature of R71
• Early Solar System $r$-process Abundances Limit Collapsar Origin
• Improved bounds on the bosonic dark matter with pulsars in the Milky Way
• Can life survive Gamma-Ray Bursts in the high-redshift universe?
• Gravitational microlensing as a test of a finite-width disk model of the Galaxy
• Estimation of the masses in the Local Group by Gradient Boosted Decision Trees
• Search for dark matter annihilation signals from unidentified Fermi-LAT objects with H.E.S.S
• On the dearth of C-enhanced metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge
• Limits on the significant mass-loss scenario based on the globular clusters of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• GRBs and fundamental physics
• Testing a theoretical prediction for bar formation in galaxies with bulges
• Local Group Analogs in $\Lambda$CDM cosmological simulations
• Metallicity Gradient of the Thick Disc Progenitor at High Redshift
• Properties of Galactic Dark Matter: Constraints from Astronomical Observations
• Measuring Galactic Dark Matter through Unsupervised Machine Learning
• Impact of H${}_2$-driven star formation and stellar feedback from low-enrichment environments on the formation of spiral galaxies
• Origin of the Galactic 511 keV emission from positrons produced in irregular supernovae
• An efficient positive potential-density pair expansion for modelling galaxies
• Effects of Lens Motion and Uneven Magnification on Image Spectra
• The Binary Black Hole Merger Rate from Ultraluminous X-ray Source Progenitors
• Torus Models of the Outer Disc of the Milky Way using LAMOST Survey Data
• The Tucana dwarf spheroidal: a distant backsplash galaxy of M31?
• Binary Satellite Galaxies
• On the Origin of the Monoceros Ring - I: Kinematics, proper motions, and the nature of the progenitor
• The Local Void: for or against LCDM?
• Fermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
• Probing the efficiency of tidal synchronization in outspiralling double white dwarf binaries with LISA
• The Distribution of Star Formation and Metals in the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy UGC 628
• NGC 307 and the Effects of Dark-Matter Haloes on Measuring Supermassive Black Holes in Disc Galaxies
• Impact of uncertainties in the halo velocity profile on direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter
• Templated Anisotropic Analyses of the LISA Galactic Foreground
• 2D kinematic study of the central region of NGC 4501
• Prospects of nuclear-coupled-dark-matter detection via correlation spectroscopy of I${}_2^{+}$ and Ca${}^{+}$
• Testing gravity with the Milky Way: Yukawa potential
• On the Mass Loading of AGN-Driven Outflows in Elliptical Galaxies and Clusters
• Red Runaways II: Low mass Hills stars in SDSS Stripe 82
• Cold molecular gas outflow encasing the ionised one in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3281
• Neutrinos from WIMP annihilation in the Sun : Implications of a self-consistent model of the Milky Way's dark matter halo
• Colour-magnitude diagram in simulations of galaxy formation
• Dark Energy Gravitational Wave Observations and Ice Age Periodicity
• The local dark matter distribution in self-interacting dark matter halos
• Eclipses of continuous gravitational waves as a probe of stellar structure
• Jeans that fit: weighing the mass of the Milky Way analogues in the $\Lambda \mathrm{CDM}$ universe
• How to calculate dark matter direct detection exclusion limits that are consistent with gamma rays from annihilation in the Milky Way halo
• Transient Events in Archival Very Large Array Observations of the Galactic Center
• Constraint on dark matter central density in the Eddington inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) gravity with input from Weyl gravity
• Chemical abundances and ages of the bulge stars in APOGEE high-velocity peaks
• Equilibrium axisymmetric halo model for the Milky Way and its implications for direct and indirect DM searches
• The dynamics of Galactic centre pulsars: constraining pulsar distances and intrinsic spin-down
• Sliding into DM: Determining the local dark matter density and speed distribution using only the local circular speed of the Galaxy
• BGM FASt: Besançon Galaxy Model for Big Data. Simultaneous inference of the IMF, SFH and density in the Solar Neighbourhood
• Inference of multi-channel r-process element enrichment in the Milky Way using binary neutron star merger observations
• Violation of the equivalence principle induced by oscillating rest mass and transition frequency, and its detection in atom interferometers
• Collisions of Terrestrial Worlds: The Occurrence of Extreme Mid-Infrared Excesses around Low-Mass Field Stars
• Testing the Dark Matter Caustic Theory Against Observations in the Milky Way
• Jeans analysis of the Galactic thick disk and the local dark matter density
• Dark matter halos and the M-σrelation for supermassive black holes
• 511 keV Line Emission from Nearby Spherical Dwarf Galaxies
• Dark Energy on Astrophysical Scales and Its Detection in the Milky Way
• Understanding the velocity distribution of the Galactic Bulge with APOGEE and Gaia
• Molecular Gas of the Most Massive Spiral Galaxies I: a Case Study of NGC 5908
• Evidence for Co-rotation Origin of Super Metal Rich Stars in LAMOST-Gaia: Multiple Ridges with a Similar Slope in phi versus Lz Plane
• Black holes at cosmic dawn in the redshifted 21cm signal of HI
• Exploring new physics with DUNE high energy flux: the case of Lorentz Invariance Violation, Large Extra Dimensions and Long Range Forces
• Chemical enrichment in groups and clusters
• Probing the axion-photon coupling with space-based gravitational waves detectors
• New Constraints on Decaying Dark Matter from INTEGRAL/SPI
• Search for vector dark matter in microwave cavities with Rydberg atoms
• Novel approaches to dark-matter detection using space-time separated clocks
• GPU-Accelerated Periodic Source Identification in Large-Scale Surveys: Measuring $P$ and $\dot{P}$
• Are Milky-Way-like galaxies like the Milky Way? A view from SDSS-IV/MaNGA
• A simple formula for the third integral of motion of disk-crossing stars in the Galaxy
• The Lives of Stars: Insights From the TGAS-RAVE-LAMOST Dataset
• Astrometric mass measurement of compact companions in binary systems with Gaia
• Dark Photon Dark Matter and Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection with Gaia-like Astrometry
• Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage-Enceladus Analogues: Two Sausages, One Bun?
• Gamma rays from dark matter spikes in EAGLE simulations
• On the Galactic radio signal from stimulated decay of axion dark matter
• An Enigmatic 380 kpc Long Linear Collimated Galactic Tail
• Population synthesis of hot subdwarf B stars with COMPAS: on the observed Galactic population
• Measuring the Matter Density of the Galactic Disk Using Stellar Streams
• Present and Future constraints on Secluded Dark Matter in the Galactic Halo with TeV Gamma-ray Observatories
• A link between feedback outflows and satellite galaxy suppression
• Spatial Structures in the Globular Cluster Distribution of Fornax Cluster Galaxies
• The kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from the diffuse gas in the Local Group
• NIHAO-RiNG: A Comparison of Simulated Disc Galaxies from GASOLINE and GIZMO
• Decoupled Black Hole Accretion and Quenching: The Relationship Between BHAR, SFR, and Quenching in Milky Way and Andromeda-mass Progenitors Since z = 2.5
• Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from PBH-ABH Mergers
• AMS-02 antiprotons and dark matter: Trimmed hints and robust bounds
• Picolensing as a Probe of Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter
• Exploring the centre of mass properties of LG-like galaxies
• Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to a dark matter signal from the Galactic centre
• Search for isolated Galactic Centre stellar mass black holes in the IR and sub-mm range
• Holography, large scale structure, supermassive black holes, and minimum stellar mass
• Testing the weak equivalence principle with the binary neutron star merger GW170817: the gravitational contribution of the host galaxy
• A prediction on the age of thick discs as a function of the stellar mass of the host galaxy
• The outskirts of M33: Tidally induced distortions versus signatures of gas accretion
• 12CO and 13CO observation of the low-metallicity dwarf galaxy DDO 154
• Giant monopoles as a dark matter candidate
• Dark matter effect attributed to the inherent structure of cosmic space
• On the Spin Bias of Satellite Galaxies in the Local Group-like Environment
• Line-of-sight mass estimator and the masses of the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy
• The diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation: star-forming galaxies are not the dominant component
• A Recent Starbust in the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy UGC 628
• Is the stellar mass-stellar metallicity relation universal in the Milky Way satellites and beyond?
• Segue 2 Recently Collided with the Cetus-Palca Stream: New Opportunities to Constrain Dark Matter in an Ultra-Faint Dwarf
• Testing the null energy condition with precise distance measurements
• Partitioning the Galactic Halo with Gaussian Mixture Models
• Machine Learning the Dark Matter Halo Mass of Milky Way-Like Systems
• Comparing the structural parameters of the Milky Way to other spiral galaxies
• Testing the predictions of axisymmetric distribution functions of galactic dark matter with hydrodynamical simulations
• LAMOST 1: A Disrupted Satellite in the Constellation Draco
• Galactic Escape Speeds in Mirror and Cold Dark Matter Models
• Motion of halo compact objects in the gravitational potential of a low-mass model of the Galaxy
• Relation of internal attenuation, dust emission, and the size of spiral galaxies. Calibration at low-z and how to use it as a cosmological test at high-z
• Limits on primordial black holes detectability with Isatis: A BlackHawk tool
• Inference from modelling the chemodynamical evolution of the Milky Way disc
• Reviving MeV-GeV Indirect Detection with Inelastic Dark Matter
• Timing Mass of the Local Group
• Development of a laser stabilized on an ultra-stable silicon cryogenic Fabry-Perot cavity for dark matter detection
• The Milky Way and M31 Orbital History: Did the Local Group evolve in isolation?
• Orbital dynamics in galactic potentials under mass transfer
• Milky Way globular cluster dynamics: are they preferentially co-rotating?
• Search for dark matter using sub-PeV $\mathbf{\gamma }$-rays observed by Tibet AS${}_{\mathbf{\gamma }}$
• Mapping dark matter in the Milky Way, a synopsis
• Optimal Emergency Frequency Control Based on Coordinated Droop in Multi-Infeed Hybrid AC-DC System
• Boosting (In)direct Detection of Dark Matter
• Kolmogorov complexity in the Milky Way and its reduction with warm dark matter
• How to Build an Empirical Speed Distribution for Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• The orbital dynamics of the LMC and SMC about the Milky Way
• Post-Newtonian Hamiltonian dynamics: applications to stationary spacetimes and statistical mechanics
• Asymmetric HI 21 cm lines of fast radio burst hosts: connection with galaxy interaction
• A self-consistent wave description of axion miniclusters and their survival in the galaxy
• The Escape of Globular Clusters from the Satellite Dwarf Galaxies of the Milky Way
• Wrinkles in Time. II. Stellar Age Trends in Kinematic Signatures from Transient Spiral Structure
• Galactic tides and the Crater II dwarf spheroidal: a challenge to LCDM?