The stellar mass assembly of galaxies in the Illustris simulation: growth by mergers and the spatial distribution of accreted stars

Abstract

We use the Illustris simulation to study the relative contributions of in situ star formation and stellar accretion to the build-up of galaxies over an unprecedentedly wide range of masses ($M_{\ast }=10^9-10^{12}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$), galaxy types, environments, and assembly histories. We find that the `two-phase' picture of galaxy formation predicted by some models is a good approximation only for the most massive galaxies in our simulation -- namely, the stellar mass growth of galaxies below a few times $10^{11}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ is dominated by in situ star formation at all redshifts. The fraction of the total stellar mass of galaxies at $z=0$ contributed by accreted stars shows a strong dependence on galaxy stellar mass, ranging from about 10 per cent for Milky Way-sized galaxies to over 80 per cent for $M_{\ast }\approx 10^{12}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ objects, yet with a large galaxy-to-galaxy variation. At a fixed stellar mass, elliptical galaxies and those formed at the centres of younger haloes exhibit larger fractions of ex situ stars than disc-like galaxies and those formed in older haloes. On average, $\sim$50 per cent of the ex situ stellar mass comes from major mergers (stellar mass ratio $\mu >1/4$), $\sim$20 per cent from minor mergers ($1/10<\mu <1/4$), $\sim$20 per cent from very minor mergers ($\mu <1/10$), and $\sim$10 per cent from stars that were stripped from surviving galaxies (e.g. flybys or ongoing mergers). These components are spatially segregated, with in situ stars dominating the innermost regions of galaxies, and ex situ stars being deposited at larger galactocentric distances in order of decreasing merger mass ratio.

21 pages, 12 figures. Published in MNRAS

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• Tracing the cosmological origin of gas that fuels in situ star formation in TNG50 galaxies
• The spatially-resolved effect of mergers on the stellar mass assembly of MaNGA galaxies
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• Time-average properties of $z\sim 0.6$ major mergers: mergers significantly scatter high-z scaling relations
• Numerical effects on the stripping of dark matter and stars in IllustrisTNG galaxy groups and clusters
• Elliptical galaxies/stellar halos connection
• Exploring the connection between stellar halo profiles and accretion histories in $L_{\ast }$ galaxies
• Late growth of early-type galaxies in low-z massive clusters
• Imaging and photometric studies of NGC 1316 (Fornax A) using Astrosat/UVIT
• Describing the Nonuniversal Galaxy Merger Timescales in IllustrisTNG: Effects of Host Halo Mass, Baryons, and Sample Selection
• The Outskirt Stellar Mass of Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies is an Excellent Halo Mass Proxy in Illustris/IllustrisTNG Simulations
• The AIDA-TNG project: 3D halo shapes
• Accreted stars and stellar haloes of simulated galaxies in TNG50
• Systematics in ETG Mass Profile Modelling: Strong Lensing & Stellar Dynamics
• VST-SMASH: VST Survey of Mass Assembly and Structural Hierarchy I. Survey presentation and deep photometry of IC 5332: tracing the mass assembly in the challenging faintest-end regime
• Star formation quenching precedes morphological transformation in COSMOS-WEB's richest galaxy groups
• The merger-driven evolution of massive early-type galaxies
• The mass and redshift dependence of halo star clustering
• Emergence of red, star-forming galaxies (red misfits) in a ΛCDM universe
• Using two point correlation functions to understand the assembly histories of Milky Way-like galaxies
• Early-type Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe. Evidence of Ex-situ Growth
• The Escape of Globular Clusters from the Satellite Dwarf Galaxies of the Milky Way
• The Metallicity Distribution Function in Outer Halo Fields of Simulated Elliptical Galaxies Compared to Observations of NGC 5128
• Unravelling the role of merger histories in the population of In situ stars: linking IllustrisTNG cosmological simulation to H3 survey
• Cold Quasar Investigation: Comparing Star Formation Rates to Black Hole Growth
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• The most massive galaxies with large depleted cores: structural parameter relations and black hole masses
• High and low Sérsic index bulges in Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies: origin and connection to the bar with TNG50
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Cannibalism Caught in the Act -- on the Frequency of Occurrence of Multiple Cores in Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Testing the key role of the stellar mass-halo mass relation in galaxy merger rates and morphologies via DECODE, a novel Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl
• Tracing the evolution of brightest galaxies and diffuse light in galaxy groups
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• Hierarchal formation and growth of galaxies through dynamical friction
• Ergodicity of FIRE: star formation variations within and between simulated galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical
• The Galactic Pizza: Flat Rotation Curves in the Context of Cosmological Time-Energy Coupling
• Modelling the outskirts of galaxies in a cosmological context
• Using the EAGLE simulations to elucidate the origin of disc surface brightness profile breaks as a function of mass and environment
• Gas flows in galaxy mergers: supersonic turbulence in bridges, accretion from the circumgalactic medium, and metallicity dilution