Galactic stellar haloes in the CDM model

Abstract

We present six simulations of galactic stellar haloes formed by the tidal disruption of accreted dwarf galaxies in a fully cosmological setting. Our model is based on the Aquarius project, a suite of high resolution N-body simulations of individual dark matter haloes. We tag subsets of particles in these simulations with stellar populations predicted by the Galform semi-analytic model. Our method self-consistently tracks the dynamical evolution and disruption of satellites from high redshift. The luminosity function and structural properties of surviving satellites, which agree well with observations, suggest that this technique is appropriate. We find that accreted stellar haloes are assembled between 1<z<7 from less than 5 significant progenitors. These progenitors are old, metal-rich satellites with stellar masses similar to the brightest Milky Way dwarf spheroidals. In contrast to previous stellar halo simulations, we find that several of these major contributors survive as self-bound systems to the present day. Both the number of these significant progenitors and their infall times are inherently stochastic. This results in great diversity among our stellar haloes, which amplifies small differences between the formation histories of their dark halo hosts. The masses and density/surface-brightness profiles of the stellar haloes are consistent with expectations from the Milky Way and M31. Each halo has a complex structure, consisting of well-mixed components, tidal streams, shells and other subcomponents. This structure is not adequately described by smooth models. We find one example of an accreted thick disk. Contrasts in age and metallicity between halo stars and those in surviving satellites are in broad agreement with recent observations. [Abridged]

24 pages, 19 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS, minor changes; version with high resolution images at http://www.virgo.dur.ac.uk/aquarius

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• On the Edge: the relation between stellar and dark matter haloes of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Elemental abundances in M31: Individual and Coadded Spectroscopic [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] throughout the M31 Halo with SPLASH
• A giant thin stellar stream in the Coma Galaxy Cluster
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• Hubble Space Telescope study of resolved red giant stars in the outer halos of nearby dwarf starburst galaxies
• Dwarf Galaxy Discoveries from the KMTNet Supernova Program II. The NGC 3585 Group and Its Dynamical State
• Feedback in Galaxy Formation
• A survey for dwarf galaxy remnants around fourteen globular clusters in the outer halo
• The shapes and alignments of the satellites of the Milky Way and Andromeda
• Robust Clustering of the Local Milky Way Stellar Kinematic Substructures with Gaia eDR3
• Structure and Evolution of the Milky Way
• Shaping the Milky Way: The interplay of mergers and cosmic filaments
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey IV -- Cold kinematical substructures in the Fornax core from COSTA
• The Origin of the 300 km s${}^{-1}$ Stream Near Segue 1
• Saying Hallo to M94's Stellar Halo: Investigating the Accretion History of the Largest Pseudobulge Host in the Local Universe
• Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?
• Wide binaries from the H3 survey: the thick disk and halo have similar wide binary fractions
• The Stellar Halo and Tidal Streams of Messier 63
• Statistical properties of substructures around Milky Way-sized haloes and their implications for the formation of stellar streams
• Tracing the Metal-Poor M31 Stellar Halo with Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies III: A homogenized analysis of 13 dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint galaxies
• GHOSTS I: A New Faint very Isolated Dwarf Galaxy at D = 12 +/- 2 Mpc
• Unveiling the environment and faint features of the isolated galaxy CIG 96 with deep optical and HI observations
• Jeans that fit: weighing the mass of the Milky Way analogues in the $\Lambda \mathrm{CDM}$ universe
• The interaction of dark matter cusp with the baryon component in disk galaxies
• Auriga Streams I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
• Extragalactic Stellar Tidal Streams: Observations meet Simulation
• Observing the stellar halo of Andromeda in cosmological simulations: the Auriga2PAndAS pipeline
• A machine learning approach to infer the accreted stellar mass fractions of central galaxies in the TNG100 simulation
• Europium enrichment and hierarchical formation of the Galactic halo
• Stellar Tidal Streams in External Galaxies
• Formation and fate of low metallicity stars in IllustrisTNG50
• Milky Way simulations: the Galaxy, its stellar halo and its satellites - insights from a hybrid cosmological approach
• Tidal Debris as a Dark Matter Probe
• The role of accreted and in situ populations in shaping the stellar halos of low-mass galaxies
• Leaves on trees: identifying halo stars with extreme gradient boosted trees
• Next-generation telescopes with curved focal surface for ultra-low surface brightness surveys
• KMTNet Nearby Galaxy Survey I. : Optimal strategy for low surface brightness imaging with KMTNet
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Performance Assessment of the KASI-Deep Rolling Imaging Fast-optics Telescope pathfinder
• Evidence That Hydra I is a Tidally Disrupting Milky Way Dwarf Galaxy
• Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts
• Inferring the Galactic potential with Gaia and friends: synergies with other surveys
• Extended Stellar Components of Galaxies & the Nature of Dark Matter
• Where Did the Outskirts Go? Outer Stellar Haloes as a Sensitive Probe of Supernova Feedback
• Characterizing the SHARDS of Disrupted Milky Way Satellites with LAMOST
• Low-metallicity stellar halo populations as tracers of dark matter haloes
• Origins and Interpretation of Tidal Debris
• NGC 4104: a shell galaxy in a forming fossil group
• The Isophotal Structure of Star-forming Galaxies at $0.5<z<1.8$ in CANDELS: Implications for the Evolution of Galaxy Structure
• Spectroscopic Observations of Obscured Populations in the Inner Galaxy: 2MASS-GC02, Terzan 4, and the 200 km/s stellar peak
• First measurement of the triaxiality of the inner dark matter halo of the Milky Way
• The kinematics of globular clusters systems in the outer halos of the Aquarius simulations
• Future Prospects: Deep Imaging of Galaxy Outskirts using Telescopes Large and Small
• The global structure of the Milky Way's stellar halo based on the orbits of local metal-poor stars
• Discovery of NES, an extended tidal structure in the North-East of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS
• AuriDESI: Mock Catalogues for the DESI Milky Way Survey
• Stellar tidal streams around nearby spiral galaxies with deep imaging from amateur telescopes
• Applying machine learning to Galactic Archaeology: how well can we recover the origin of stars in Milky Way-like galaxies?
• Building Blocks of the Milky Way's Accreted Spheroid
• The Stellar Halo of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 1560
• First resolved stellar halo kinematics of a MW-mass galaxy outside the Local Group: A flat counter-rotating halo in NGC 4945
• Glow in the Dark Matter: Observing galactic halos with scattered light
• Survivors and Zombies: The Quenching and Disruption of Satellites around Milky Way Analogs
• Simulations of the accreted stellar halos of low-mass field galaxies
• The YMCA (Yes, Magellanic Clouds Again) survey: probing the outer regions of the Magellanic system with VST
• Memoirs of mass accretion: probing the edges of intracluster light in simulated galaxy clusters
• Semi-analytic modelling of the europium production by neutron star mergers in the halo of the Milky Way
• On the behaviour of streams in angle and frequency spaces in different potentials
• Tomography of stellar halos: what does anisotropy in a stellar halo tell us?
• The weak connection between the stellar haloes and merger histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Exploring the Universe with Metal-Poor Stars
• Chemical abundances of field halo stars -- Implications for the building blocks of the Milky Way
• Accreted stars and stellar haloes of simulated galaxies in TNG50
• Galaxy interactions in the Hickson Compact Group 88
• Exploring the connection between stellar halo profiles and accretion histories in $L_{\ast }$ galaxies
• COUGS-DESI: A Catalog of Unusual Galaxies with Polar Structures in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• A disk and no signatures of tidal distortion in the galaxy "lacking" dark matter NGC 1052-DF2
• The progenitor galaxies of stellar haloes as "failed" Milky Ways
• Using two point correlation functions to understand the assembly histories of Milky Way-like galaxies
• Probing the spatial and velocity anisotropies in stellar halos from the Aquarius simulations
• VST-SMASH: VST Survey of Mass Assembly and Structural Hierarchy I. Survey presentation and deep photometry of IC 5332: tracing the mass assembly in the challenging faintest-end regime
• Detection prospects for the GW background of Galactic (sub)solar mass primordial black holes
• Stellar populations of stellar halos: Results from the Illustris simulation
• Stellar halos of bright central galaxies II: Scaling relations, colors and metallicity evolution with redshift
• What can the outskirts of galaxies tell us about dark matter?
• Constraining the shape of Milky Way satellites with distance gradients
• Search for sub-GeV invisible particles in inclusive decays of $J/\psi$ to $\varphi$
• COSTA: the COld STream finder Algorithm. Searching for kinematical substructures in the phase space of discrete tracers
• White dwarfs in the building blocks of the Galactic spheroid
• rrlfe: Software for Generating and Applying Metallicity Calibrations for RR Lyrae Variable Stars Across a Wide Range of Phases and Temperatures
• The DORCHA suite: nature, nurture, and the phase space distribution of the Milky Way's high redshift progenitors today
• Machine Learning for Galactic Archaeology: A chemistry-based neural network method for identification of accreted disc stars
• Dwarf stellar haloes: a powerful probe of small-scale galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter
• walter: A Tool for Predicting Resolved Stellar Population Observations with Applications to the Roman Space Telescope
• A Tilt in the Dark Matter Halo of the Galaxy