A Recipe for Galaxy Formation Shaun Cole

Abstract

We present a detailed prescription for how galaxy formation can be modelled in hierarchical theories of structure formation. Our model incorporates the formation and merging of dark matter halos, the shock heating and radiative cooling of baryonic gas gravitationally confined in these halos, the formation of stars regulated by the energy released by evolving stars and supernovae, the merging of galaxies within dark matter halos, and the spectral evolution of the stellar populations that are formed. The procedure that we describe is very flexible and can be applied to any hierarchical clustering theory. We explore the effects of varying the stellar initial mass function, star formation rates and galaxy merging. The results we compare with an extensive range of observational data, including the B and K galaxy luminosity functions, galaxy colours, the Tully-Fisher relation and galaxy number counts.These data strongly constrain the models and enable the relative importance of each of the physical process to be assessed. We present a broadly successful model defined by a plausible choice of parameters. This fiducial model produces a much more acceptable luminosity function than most previous studies. This is achieved through a modest rate of galaxy mergers and strong suppression of star formation in halos of low circular velocity. However, it fails to produce galaxies as red as many observed ellipticals and, compared with the observed Tully-Fisher relation, the model galaxies have circular velocities which are too large. ** uuencoded compressed postscript file containing all text and figures.**

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• The Most Bound Halo Particle-Galaxy Correspondence Model: Comparison between Models with Different Merger Timescales
• Ejection of Supernova-Enriched Gas From Dwarf Disk Galaxies
• The kinematics of globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations and their implications for the assembly history of the Milky Way
• Spatial and luminosity distributions of galactic satellites
• Reionisation in sterile neutrino cosmologies
• Beyond the bulge-halo conspiracy? Density profiles of Early-type galaxies from extended-source strong lensing
• The History of Cosmic Baryons: X-ray Emission vs. Star Formation Rate
• The angular momentum of disc galaxies: implications for gas accretion, outflows, and dynamical friction
• Spectroscopy of Globular Clusters in NGC 4472
• Simultaneous Modelling of the Stellar Halo and Globular Cluster System of NGC 5128
• The velocity dispersion function of early-type galaxies and its redshift evolution: the newest results from lens redshift test
• Small-scale galaxy clustering in the EAGLE simulation
• The Molecular Gas Density in Galaxy Centers and How It Connects to Bulges
• Does the Milky Way Obey Spiral Galaxy Scaling Relations?
• Galaxy number counts in the Hubble Deep Field as a strong constraint on a hierarchical galaxy formation model
• Constraints On the Size Evolution of Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• The MillenniumTNG Project: Inferring cosmology from galaxy clustering with accelerated N-body scaling and subhalo abundance matching
• Resolving the baryon-fraction profile in lensing galaxies
• Gas depletion in cluster galaxies depends strongly on their internal structure
• Distribution of the very first PopIII stars and their relation to bright z~6 quasars
• Testing homogeneity in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Twelve with Shannon entropy
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Sizes in the NTT Deep Field: a Comparison with CDM Models
• Formation of Primordial Galaxies under UV background Radiation
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Bulges: A Rotating Collapse Model Consistent with the $\mbh-σ$ Relation
• On the prospect of using the maximum circular velocity of halos to encapsulate assembly bias in the galaxy-halo connection
• Statistics of Merging Peaks of Random Gaussian Fluctuations: Skeleton Tree Formalism
• On the orbital and internal evolution of cluster galaxies
• Isolated ellipticals and their globular cluster systems III. NGC 2271, NGC 2865, NGC 3962, NGC 4240 and IC 4889
• A Subhalo-Galaxy Correspondence Model of Galaxy Formation
• Numerical simulations of the cosmic star formation history
• What do simulations predict for the galaxy stellar mass function and its evolution in different environments?
• A tight relation between the age distributions of stellar clusters and the properties of the interstellar medium in the host galaxy
• How accurate is it to update the cosmology of your halo catalogues?
• Evolution of compact and fossil groups of galaxies from semi-analytical models of galaxy formation
• The definition of environment and its relation to the quenching of galaxies at z=1-2 in a hierarchical Universe
• The star formation histories of Hickson compact group galaxies
• A cosmological study of the star formation history in the solar neighbourhood
• A Prescription for Star Formation Feedback: The Importance of Multiple Shell Interactions
• The effects of halo alignment and shape on the clustering of galaxies
• Principles of supernova-driven winds
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XIV. The main sequence relation in a rich environment down to M_star ~ 10^6 Mo
• The orbital PDF: the dynamical state of Milky Way sized haloes and the intrinsic uncertainty in the determination of their masses
• An ESO/VLT survey of NIR (Z<=25) selected galaxies at redshifts 4.5<z<6: constraining the cosmic star formation rate near the reionization epoch
• Self-regulating galaxy formation as an explanation for the Tully-Fisher relation
• A Unique View of AGN-Driven Molecular Outflows: The Discovery of a Massive Galaxy Counterpart to a $z=2.4$ High-Metallicity Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Absorber
• Stellar Population Trends in S0 Galaxies
• Testing the Modified Press-Schechter Model against N-Body Simulations
• UniverseMachine: Predicting Galaxy Star Formation over Seven Decades of Halo Mass with Zoom-in Simulations
• Galaxy Formation in the Santa Cruz semi-analytic model compared with IllustrisTNG -- I. Galaxy scaling relations, dispersions, and residuals at z=0
• On the Origin of the Dichotomy of Early-Type Galaxies: The Role of Dry Mergers and AGN Feedback
• Galaxy Zoo: Morphological classification of galaxy images from the Illustris simulation
• Temperature and Entropy Fields of Baryonic Gas in the Universe
• The LBT Panoramic View on the Recent Star-Formation Activity in IC2574
• The Clustering Evolution of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• Collision Induced Galaxy Formation
• The nature of Lyman-break galaxies
• Morphological evolution and galactic sizes in the L-Galaxies SA model
• The Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Warm Dark Matter Cosmology
• Illuminating Dark Matter Halo Density Profiles Without Subhaloes
• Forming stars on a viscous timescale: the key to exponential stellar profiles in disk galaxies?
• The Subaru HSC Galaxy Clustering with Photometric Redshift I: Dark Halo Masses Versus Baryonic Properties of Galaxies at 0.3<z<1.4
• Effects of the UV background radiation on galaxy formation
• Comparing the Evolution of the Galaxy Disk Sizes with CDM Models: The Hubble Deep Field
• Exploring the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium in a Cosmological Context with a Semi-Analytic Model
• Distinguishing `disks' from `mergers': tracing the kinematic asymmetries in local (U)LIRGs using `kinemetry'-based criteria
• Is NGC 3108 transforming itself from an early to late type galaxy -- an astronomical hermaphrodite?
• The nature of the dwarf population in Abell 868
• Numerical hydrodynamic simulations based on semi-analytic galaxy merger trees: method and Milky-Way like galaxies
• Consistent and simultaneous modelling of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing with Subhalo Abundance Matching
• Infrared Narrow-Band Tomography of the Local Starburst NGC 1569 with LBT/LUCIFER
• Supernova Enrichment of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• A study on the statistical significance of mutual information between morphology of a galaxy and its large-scale environment
• The Radius of Baryonic Collapse in Disc Galaxy Formation
• Galaxy stellar mass assembly: the difficulty matching observations and semi-analytical predictions
• A New Chemical Evolution Model for Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies based on Observed Long Star Formation Histories
• DESCQA: An Automated Validation Framework for Synthetic Sky Catalogs
• M/L, H-alpha Rotation Curves, and HI Measurements for 329 Nearby Cluster and Field Spirals: III. Evolutionin Fundamental Galaxy Parameters
• A 60 pc counter-rotating core in NGC 4621
• Fitting optical source counts with an infrared-defined model: insights into galaxy evolution
• The Upper Asymptotic Giant Branch of the Elliptical Galaxy Maffei 1, and Comparisons with M32 and NGC 5128
• Color Gradients and Surface Brightness Profiles of Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field-North
• Towards a new modelling of gas flows in a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and evolution
• Infalling Faint [OII] Emitters in Abell 851. II. Environment, Kinematics, and Star Formation History
• Metallicity Gradients - Mass Dependency in Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies
• The HI mass function as a probe of photoionisation feedback on low mass galaxy formation
• The descendents of Lyman Break Galaxies in galaxy clusters: spatial distribution and orbital properties
• X-raying the Star Formation History of the Universe
• New rotating AdS/dS black holes in $\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{R})$ gravity
• The STIS Parallel Survey: Introduction and First Results
• Reignited star formation in dwarf galaxies quenched during reionization
• Fast and realistic large-scale structure from machine-learning-augmented random field simulations
• The nuclear activity and central structure of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5322
• Consequences of feedback from early supernovae for disk assembly
• The cosmic spectral energy distribution in the EAGLE simulation
• Chemical Enrichment in Damped Lyman Alpha Systems From Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Models
• Herschel and Hubble study of a lensed massive dusty starbursting galaxy at $z\sim 3$
• Characterising the signatures of star-forming galaxies in the extra-galactic $\gamma$-ray background
• Statistics of Magnification Perturbations by Substructure in the Cold Dark Matter Cosmological Model
• Dynamical flows through Dark Matter Haloes II: one and two points statistics at the virial radius
• Accretion of a satellite onto a spherical galaxy. II. Binary evolution and orbital decay
• Rosella: A mock catalogue from the P-Millennium simulation
• The phase-diagram of the IGM and the entropy floor of groups and clusters: are clusters born warm?
• The impact of black hole seeding in cosmological simulations
• Hybrid analytic and machine-learned baryonic property insertion into galactic dark matter haloes
• The Effect of Assembly Bias on Redshift Space Distortions
• Properties of Luminous Red Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• HOD modelling of high redshift galaxies using the BLUETIDES simulation
• A new method for testing isotropy with Shannon entropy
• How feedback shapes galaxies: an analytic model
• Blending bias impacts the host halo masses derived from a cross-correlation analysis of bright sub-millimetre galaxies
• The effect of gas-dynamics on semi-analytic modeling of cluster galaxies
• Pairwise velocity dispersion of galaxies at high redshift: theoretical predictions
• Two phase galaxy formation: The Evolutionary Properties of Galaxies
• Self-Similar Shocked Accretion of Collisional Gas with Radiative Cooling
• GalICS 2.1: a new semianalytic model for cold accretion, cooling, feedback and their roles in galaxy formation
• Dwarf Galaxies with Gentle Star Formation and the Counts of Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field
• The History of Galaxies and Galaxy Number Counts
• Numerical Simulations of Galaxy Formation
• The SZ Effect as a Probe of Non-Gravitational Entropy in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
• Models of high redshift luminosity functions and galactic outflows: The dependence on halo mass function
• The photoionization effect of the ultraviolet background on the colour-magnitude relation of elliptical galaxies
• Elemental abundances in M31: Individual and Coadded Spectroscopic [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] throughout the M31 Halo with SPLASH
• Galaxy morphology and evolution from SWAN Adaptive Optics imaging
• Hubble Space Telescope study of resolved red giant stars in the outer halos of nearby dwarf starburst galaxies
• The nature and descendants of Lyman-break galaxies in the LambdaCDM cosmology
• A physical model for the origin of the diffuse cosmic infrared background
• Consequences of dark matter self-annihilation for galaxy formation
• Unravelling the Cosmic Web: An analysis of the SDSS DR14 with the Local Dimension
• Dynamical response to supernova-induced gas removal in two-component spherical galaxies
• Type Ia supernovae in a hierarchical galaxy formation model: the Milky Way
• GECO: Galaxy Evolution COde - A new semi-analytical model of galaxy formation
• Star formation in high redshift galaxies including Supernova feedback: effect on stellar mass and luminosity functions
• Hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy properties: Environmental effects
• Optical to Near-IR Spectrum of a Massive Evolved Galaxy at z = 1.26
• Linking the Metallicity Distribution of Galactic Halo Stars to the Enrichment History of the Universe
• Leaving the dark ages with AMIGA
• Self-similar collapse of collisional gas in an expanding Universe
• The bimodality of the 10k zCOSMOS-bright galaxies up to z ~ 1: a new statistical and portable classification based on the optical galaxy properties
• Ram pressure stripping in clusters: Gravity can bind the ISM but not the CGM
• Towards an accurate model of small-scale redshift-space distortions in modified gravity
• Gravity and the Nonlinear Growth of Structure in the Carnegie-Spitzer-IMACS Redshift Survey
• Effective viscosity from cloud-cloud collisions in three-dimensional global SPH simulations
• Ultra-fine dark matter structure in the Solar neighbourhood
• Merging History Trees for Dark Matter Halos: Tests of the Merging Cell Model in a CDM Cosmology
• Non-linear power spectra of dark and luminous matter in halo model of structure formation
• The role of E+A and post-starburst galaxies - II. Spectral energy distributions and comparison with observations
• Self-Consistent Theory of Halo Mergers - II: CDM Power Spectra
• RR Lyrae stars as probes of the outer Galactic halo: Chemical and kinematic analysis of a pilot sample
• Luminous Matter Distribution, Bulk Flows and Baryon Contents in Cosmological Models with a Local Void
• A deep learning approach to halo merger tree construction
• Semi-Numerical Simulation of Reionization with Semi-Analytical Modeling of Galaxy Formation
• Deep Galaxy Surveys in the 9150 A Airglow Window
• The impact of the cosmological constant on past and future star formation
• The Evolution of Early-type Galaxies Selected by Their Spatial Clustering
• Non-explosive pre-supernova feedback in the COLIBRE model of galaxy formation
• Insights on Metal Enrichment and Environmental Effect at $z\approx 5-7$ with JWST ASPIRE/EIGER and Chemical Evolution Model
• Understanding Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Reliability of merger tree realizations of dark halos in the Monte-Carlo modeling of galaxy formation
• Why do semi-analytic models predict higher scatter in the stellar mass-halo mass relation than cosmological hydrodynamic simulations?
• Questions on pure luminosity evolution for ellipticals
• From gas to galaxies
• A possible formation scenario for dwarf spheroidal galaxies - III. Adding star formation histories to the fiducial model
• Faint field galaxies: an explanation of the faint blue excess using number evolution models
• Galaxy formation from a timescale perspective
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): $\mathbf{z}\sim 0$ Galaxy Luminosity Function down to $\mathbf{L}\sim 10^6{\mathbf{L}}_{\odot }$ via Clustering Based Redshift Inference
• Anatomy of galactic star formation history: Roles of different modes of gas accretion, feedback, and recycling
• Optical BVI Imaging and HI Synthesis Observations of the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy ESO 364-G 029
• Reconstruction Analysis of the IRAS Point Source Catalog Redshift Survey
• Exploring the Dependence of Gas Cooling and Heating Functions on the Incident Radiation Field with Machine Learning
• The north-south asymmetry of the ALFALFA HI velocity width function
• Observability of the virialization phase of spheroidal galaxies with radio arrays
• Stellar population gradients at cosmic noon as a constraint to the evolution of passive galaxies
• Massive Black Hole Mergers
• Roche Lobe Overflow from Dwarf Stellar Systems
• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows
• Modelling Galaxies with a Multi-Phase ISM in 3d
• FLORAH: A generative model for halo assembly histories
• Star formation losses due to tidal debris in `hierarchical' galaxy formation
• The Nature and Observability of Protogalaxies
• Revisiting the Galactic Winds in M82 II: Development of Multiphase Outflows in Simulations
• Modelling the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
• The Influence of Subhaloes on Host Halo Properties
• Detection of Chemo-Kinematical Structures in Leo I
• A Conditional Abundance Matching Method of Extending Simulated Halo Merger Trees to Resolve Low-Mass Progenitors and Sub-halos
• Dark Energy Simulations
• HI and Galaxy Formation in Loose Groups
• A novel approach for calculating galaxy rotation curves using spaxel cross-correlation and iterative smoothing
• A Halo Merger Tree Generation and Evaluation Framework
• The progenitor galaxies of stellar haloes as "failed" Milky Ways
• Angular momentum and morphological sequence of massive galaxies through Dark Sage
• Simultaneous Estimation of Large-Scale Structure and Milky Way Dust Extinction from Galaxy Surveys
• Halo Merger Tree Comparison: Impact on Galaxy Formation Models
• Detailed modelling of the EBL along VHE γ-ray paths
• Extended Hernquist-Springel formalism for cosmic star formation
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar rotational support in disk galaxies vs. central surface density and stellar population age
• The Three Hundred Project: A fast semi-analytic model emulator of hydrodynamical galaxy cluster simulations
• Heterogeneity of Inverted Calcium II H:K Ratio Cluster Galaxies
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• Physics of star formation history and the luminosity function of galaxies therefrom
• The NIBLES bivariate luminosity--HI mass distribution function revised using Arecibo follow-up observations
• Hierarchical Clustering and Galaxy Formation
• The Absence of Passively Evolving Ellipticals in Deep Optical and Near-Infrared Surveys